Dr. Neeta M.

Mandaliya
Semester : I
Business Mathematics
 Syllabus
• Unit- I : Set Theory
• Unit -II : Function and Limits
• Unit- III : Permutation and Combination
• Unit- IV : Co ordinate Geometry and APGP
 Set A Set B

1
Function 2
3
X
Y
Z

• Meaning Of Function:
• The one of the most important concept in discrete Mathematics is function. The
price of one items is depend on demand of that item, so we say that demand is a
function of price. The concept of function is a relationship between two variable.
• Definition: Function
• Let A and B are two non empty sets and if each element of set A associated
with set B by some relationship or correspondence is called function from A
to B. And it is denoted by f : A it is read as f is a function from A to B.
Domain : If f : A is a function then set A is called domain of function f
and it is denoted by .
For example : f : A is a function, where A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,4,6} then A
is a domain of given function f.
= {1,3,5} set A = Domain
 Co- domain: If f : A is a function then set B is called Co-domain of
function f.
For example : f : A is a function, where A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,4,6} then
B is a Co-domain of given function f.
Co-domain = {2,4,6}.= set B
 Range: Let f : A is a function. The set of all f images of elements of set A is called
the Range of f. It is called the Range of f. it is denoted by .
Thus = { f(x), xA}

Note : the Range of the function is a subset of its Co-domain or co-domain itself.
F(x) = +1 A = (1,3,5,6), B =(2,10,26,37)
F(x) = +1
F(1) = 1+1 =2 = (2,10,26,37)
F(3) = 9+1 =10
F(5) = 25+1 =26
F(6) = 36+1 =37
 • Types of Function

One one Many one Constant Equal Real

Function Function Function Function Function
• Constant Function: there are two sets A and B each and every elements of
Set A associated with Set B only one image.

Set A Set B

1
2
3
4 9
5
 Types of Function

One one Function : A function is one to one if each element in the codomain has a
unique pre-image.
A function is one to one if no more than one element in the domain is paired with an
element in the range.
• Examples of one to one functions Roll number
Name of Students
Set B
A student and his or her spouse Set A
A person and his or her passport number
A 20
• Set A two different element associated with set B in different B
image 22
• it is called one one function. C 95
• Many one function : A function is not one to one element in the range. A
function is said to be many one function if two elements of set A
associated with set B by sameImage it is called Many one function.

Numbers Squares of number

X
Y
-1 1 Z 75
1 4 85
2
• Constant Function: Each and every element of Set A associated with Set B
only one Image it is called a constant Function. In set B is only one
element. i.e. Single set.

1
2
3
4
5 20
6
.
.
.
Equal Function : there are two functions F: AB, G: A both function having same
domain and image (Range of Function) also same it is called Equal function.
For Example:

• F(x) = • G(x) = 4x-3

• A = { 1,3} • A = { 1,3}
• F(x) = • G(x) = 4x-3
• F(1) = =1 • G(1) = 4(1) -3 = 1
• F(3) = = 9 • G(3) = 4(3)-3=9
• F = G (Equal function)
• Real Function : Revenue Function, Cost Function, Profit Function etc.
examples of Real Function.
• Revenue Function : R(X) = px where p = selling price, x = unit/quantity

• Cost Function : C(x) = a+ bx

• C(x) = V(x) + Fixed cost
• C(x) = fixed cost + variable cost (perunit)
• Profit Function : R(x) –C(x)
• P(x) = R(x) –C(x)
• Profit Function = Revenue – cost.
• There are other function Like
• Linear Function : Y = a+bx two variable one is independent other is
dependent.

• Quadratic function: Y = a+bx+c

• Exponential Function Y =
• Logharitham Function Y = log x
 Sum No: 1

• Find Range of function. F(x) = , A ={1,2,3}

• F(x) =
• F(1) = = = 8
• F(2) = = =3
• F(3) = = =2
• = {8,3,2}
 Sum NO: 2
• Find Range of function. F(x ) = , A {-1,0,1,2,3}
• F(x ) =

• F(-1 ) = = =
• F(0) = =
• F(1 ) = =
• F(2 ) = =
• F(3 ) = =
• {, , , , }
 Sum No:3 Find Range of function. F(x) = , A {0,5,12}

• F(x) = ,
• F(0) = = =2
• F(5) = = =3
• F(12) = = =4
• = {2,3,4}
 Home work

• Sum No:1
• Sum No :2
• Sum No : 3 g (x) =5x+2 and g(x) = 17, find x.
• Sum No : 4 For what value of x. F(2x) = F(x), where
F(x) =-5x +4

• Sum No : 5 If for f : A B, F(x) = 5x+1, = {6,16,26,36} find

• Sum No: 6 the demand function is f(p) = 200-3 find the demand when p=5, and p =10
 Sum No:4 Find Range of function. F(x) = -3x, A {0,5,12}

• F(x) = -3x,
• F(0) = -3(0)= 0
• F(5) = -3(5)= 25-15=10
• F(12) = -3(12)=144-36=108
•

•
 Break Even Point
• Revenue Function = R(x) = PX

• Where P = Selling Price , X = Units

• Cost Function = Fixed cost + V(X)
• Profit Function = R(x) –C(x)

• Break Even Point = R(x) = C(x)

 Sum no : 5 (45 b)
The fixed cost and the variable cost of x units of a manufactured product of a company are
Rs. 4,00,000 and Rs. 80 respectively. If each unit is sold for Rs. 280, determine the number
of units that should be produced to ensure no loss.
•Solution : Break Even Point

•Fixed Cost : 4,00,000 BEP (ensure no proft no loss)

•V(x) = 80X R(x) = C(x)
•P= selling Price = 280 280X = 80X +4,00,000
•(i) R(x) = PX 280X -80X = 4,00,000
•R(x) = 280X (Revenue function) 200X =400000
•(ii) C(x) = V(x) + Fixed Cost X = 400000/200 = 2000 units
•C(x) = 80X +4,00,000  
 Sum no : 6
• The fixed cost and the variable cost of x units of a manufactured product of a company are Rs. 2,
00,000 and Rs. 40 respectively. If each unit is sold for Rs. 280, determine the number of units
That should be produced to ensure no loss.

• Solution :
• R(x) = PX= 280X
• C(x) = 40X +200000
• BEP
• R(x) = C(x)
• 280X = 40X +200000
• 280X-40X =200000
• 240 X =200000
• X = 200000/240 = 833.333 = 833 units
 Sum no : 7
A watch company is to produce a cheaper variety of wrist watches. It involves initially a fixed cost Rs.
2.25 lakhs and a variable cost Rs. 175 for each wrist watch be sold at Rs. 600. What is the break-even
point? (ii) If you want to produce 600 units what is your profit/loss ? (ii) if you want profit Rs. 300000
how many units you will produce?

•P(x) = R(x) –C(x)

•P(x) = 600X-{175X+225000}
• (i) R(x) = PX= 600X
•P(x) = 600X -175X-225000
• (ii) C(x) = V(x) +Fixed cost •P(x) = 425X-225000
• C(x) = 175X +2,25,000 •X = 600
• BEP R(x) = C(x) •P(600) =425(600)-225000
• 600X = 175X + 225000 •P(x) =30000
•(iii) P(x) = 425X-225000
• 600X-175X =225000
•300000= 425X-225000
• 425X =225000
•300000+225000=425X
• X =225000/425 •525000= 425X
• X =529.41= 529 units •X = 525000/425 =1235.29 = 1235 units
 Sum no :8

The fixed cost and the variable cost of x units of a manufactured product of a company are
Rs. 50000 and Rs. 160 respectively. If each unit is sold for Rs. 360, determine the number
of Units that should be produced to ensure no loss. If 300 units produced find out profit or
loss. How many units produced to gets Rs. 150000 profit?.
Fixed Cost = Rs.50,000 •(ii) 300 units Profit/loss ?
• V(x) = Rs.160
•P(x) = R(x) –C(x)
• Selling Price = p = Rs.360
• (i) Ensure no loss no profit (BEP) •P(x) = 360X – (160X+50000)
• R(x) = PX = 360X
• C(x) = V(x) + Fixed Cost •P(X) = 360X-160X-50000
• C(x) = 160X +50000 •P(x) = 200X-50000
• BEP
• R(x) = C(x) •P(x) = 200(300)-50000
• 360X = 160X+50000 •P(x) =60000-50000 P(x) =10000
• 360X -160X = 50000 •(iii) Rs.150000 as profit, X=?
• 200X = 50000 •P(x) =200X-50000
• X =50000/200
•150000=200X -50000
• X= 250 units
•150000+ 50000= 200X
•200X = 200000
•X = 200000/200 , X =1000 units.
• The fixed costs at Company X are $1 million annually. The main product has revenue of $8.90 per unit and $4.50
variable cost. (a) Determine the breakeven quantity per year, and (b) Annual profit if 200000 units are sold.
• R(x) = 8.90X
Sum no: 9
• C(x) = 1000000+4.5X
• BEP = R(x) = C(x)
• 8.90X = 1000000+4.5X
• 8.90X -4.5 X = 1000000
• 4.4 X = 1000000
• X = = 227272 units.
• (b) Profit Function = R(x) –C(x)
• Profit Function = 8.90X –(4.5X+1000000)
• Profit Fubction = 8.90X -4.5X -1000000
• Profit Functiob = 4.4X -1000000
• P(x) = 4.4 (200000)-1000000
• P(X) = 880000-1000000
• P(x) = -120000 (loss)
 Sum No: 10

• Solution:
• F(x) = • 4- 10X +8 = 8-10X+4
• 2F(X) = 2{} • 8-10X+4 -4+10X-8 = 0
• 2F(x) = 4- 10X +8 • 4-4 =0
• = • 4(-1) =0
• F(2x) = 2(4) -10X +4 • (-1) =0
• F(2x) = 8-10X+4 • =1
• 2()
• 4=
• =4
• = • -(4)
• -4=0
• =
• 4-4=0
• = • 44
• =1
• X=1
 Sum No:11

• Solution :
• F(x) = • =
• F(x+1) = • = ===
• F(x-1) =
• =
• -
 Sum No: 12

• Solution : •
=

• F() = • =1
• F() =
Sum
No:13
• F(x+2) =(x+2)(x+2-1}{2x+4-1}
• F(x+2) = (x+2)(x+1)(2x+3)
• F(x+2) = +2x +x+2)(2x+3)
= (x+1){(x+1)-1}{2(x+1)-1}
• F(x+2) = +++4x +6x+3x+6
F(x+1) = (x+1) (x+1-1)(2x+2-1)
• F(x+2) =++13x +6
F(x+1) = (x+1) (x) (2x+1)
F(x+1) = +x)(2x +1)
F(x+1) = +++ x
F(x+2) = (x+2){(x+2)-1}{2(x+2)-1}
 Sum
No:13

• (++x) -++13X +6)

• ++ X -13X – 6
• = -12 X -6
• = -6 (
• =-6
 Sum No:14

If for f : A B, F(x) = 5x+1, = {6,16,26,36} find

• F(x) = 5x+1,
• F(x) = 5x+1, • 26=5x+1
• 6 = 5x+1, • 26-1=5x
• 6-1 = 5x • 25= 5x
• 5=5x • X =25/5=5

• X= 5/5 =1 • F(x) = 5x+1,

• 36= 5x+1
• F(x) = 5x+1
• 36-1 =5x
• 16= 5x+1
• 35=5x
• 16-1 =5x • X =35/5
• 15=5x • X=7
• X= 15/5 =3 • = {1,3,5,7}
• Suppose the total daily cost in rupees of producing x chairs is given by
• C(x) = 2.5x+300 Sum No:15
• (i) if each chair sells for Rs.4, what is the break even point?
• (ii) if the selling price is increased to Rs. 5 per chair, what is the new
break even point ?
• (iii) if it is know that at least 150 chairs can be sold each day, what price
should be charged to guarantee no loss?
• (iv) if the selling price is increased by Rs. 1.5 per chair, what is the new
break even point ?
• (i) if each chair sells for Rs.4, what is the break even point?
• Solution: Sum No:15

• (i) R(x) = px
• R(x) =4x
• (ii) C(x) = 2.5x+300
• BEP = no profit no loss
• R(x) = C(x)
• 4x = 2.5x+300
• 4x-2.5x =300
• 1.5x =300
• X =300/1.5= 200 units
• ii) if the selling price is increased to Rs. 5 per chair, what is the new break
even point ?
Sum No:15
• (i) R(x) = 5x
• (ii) C(x) = 2.5x+300
• BEP = no profit no loss
• R(x) = C(x)
• 5x = 2.5x+300
• 5x-2.5x =300
• 2.5x =300
• X =300/2.5 = 120 units
• (iv) if it is know that at least 150 chairs can be sold each day, what price
should be charged to guarantee no loss?
Sum No:15
• (i) R(x) = px
• R(x) = p(150)
• R(x) =150p
• C(x) = 2.5(150)+300
• C(x) =675
• BEP = No profit no loss
• R(x) =C(x)
• 150p =675
• P =675/150= 4.5
• (iv) if the selling price is increased by Rs. 1.5 per chair, what is the new break
even point ?
Sum No:15
• (i) R(x) =px P= 4 +1.5=5.5

• R(x) = 5.5x
• C(x) = 2.5x+300
• BEP = No profit no loss
• R(x) = C(x)
• 5.5x = 2.5x+300
• 5.5x-2.5x =300
• 3x =300
• X =300/3=100
if F(x) = , prove that F(x).F()=1
• Solution: Sum No:16

• F(x) =

F()= = =
F(x).F()=1
x =1
• If F(x) = 2x+, prove that F(x)+F(-x)=0
Sum No:17
• F(x) = 2x+

• F(x)+F(-x)=0
• (2x+)+(()=0
 Sum No:18

If F(x) = and g(x) = 7x-6, X 1,3}. Is f and g are said to be equal functions?

• F(x) = • g(x) = 7x-6

• F(1) == 1 • g(1) = 7(1)-6=1
• F(3) ==9 • g(3) = 7(3)-6= 15
• f g
• This is not equal function.
Sum
No:19 If A = {2,3,5} F: A Z are two functions defined as f(x) =+31x,
g (x)=10+30 then show that f and g are equal functions.

• f(x) =+31x, • g (x)=10+30

f(2) =+31(2) • g (2)=10+30 = 70
• F(2) =8+62= 70 • g (3)=10+30 =120
• F(3) = +31(3)= 120 • g (5)=10+30 =280
• F(5) = +31(5) =280 • F=G
• f =g
• Equal function
 Sum No:20

F(x) =+4x+5 and g(x) = 2x+1, prove that F(1)-2g(2)=0

• F(x) =+4x+5
• F(1) =+4(1)+5 = 10 • g(x) = 2x+1
• g(2) = 2(2)+1=5
• F(1)-2g(2)=0
• 10- 2(5) =0
 Sum No:21
If F(x) = , then prove that F(x) +F()=0

• F(x) =

• F()= • F(x) +F()=0

• F()=
• +
• F()= • =0
• F(x) +F()=0
Sum No: 56 The cost of producing x units is given by C(X)= +72
(i) If the selling price is Rs.5 per unit, then what number of units should be produced to ensure
no loss?
(ii) If 40 units can be sold daily. Then what price should be charged to guarantee no loss?

• +72-5X=0
• Solution: • +72=0
• (i) R(X) = PX • -18X-4X+72=0
• R(X) =5X • X(X-18)-4(X-18)=0
• (ii) C(X)= +72
• (X-4)(X-18)=0
• BEP
• R(X) = C(X) • X=4 or X=18
• 5X = +72 • 4x
 If 40 units can be sold daily. Then what price should be charged to guarantee no loss?

• (i) R(X) = PX
• (i) R(X) =40p
• C(X)= +72
• C(40)= 1600-17(40)+72
• C(X) =992
• BEP
• R(X) = C(X)
• 40P=992
• P== 24.8
Sum No :35 The fixed cost of a factory producing bucket is Rs.2500 and the variable cost per bucket is Rs.11. The tax on
each bucket is Re.1 and selling price is Rs.22.finds that the number of buckets to be produced for no profit no loss. If 300
buckets are produced, if loss is Rs.500,find the number of buckets produced.

• Solution:(i) R(x) = PX
• R(x) = 22X
• (ii) P(x) = R(X)-C(X)
• C(X) = 12X +2500 • P(x) = 22X-(12X+2500)
• BEP
• R(X) = C(X) • P(x) =22X-12X-2500
• 22X= 12X+2500
• P(X)=10X-2500
• 22X-12X= 2500
• 10X =2500 • P(300)= 10(300)-2500
• X=2500/10
• P(X)=3000-2500
• X = 250 units
• P(x)=500
• (iii) P(X) =10X-2500
• -500 = 10X-2500
• -500+2500 =10X
• 10X=2000
• X=2000/10
• X=200 units