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Random Variables

This document provides examples and explanations of key concepts related to discrete random variables and probability distributions: 1) It defines random variables and gives examples of defining random variables based on outcomes of coin tosses or other experiments. 2) It explains how to construct probability distributions for discrete random variables by listing the possible values and their probabilities. 3) It discusses the properties that all probability distributions must satisfy: probabilities must be between 0 and 1, and the total probability must equal 1. 4) Examples are provided of determining probability distributions and probabilities for experiments like tossing coins or selecting numbers from boxes. Exercises are also included for practicing calculating probabilities.

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PALMA ANGELA MAE V.
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92 views

Random Variables

This document provides examples and explanations of key concepts related to discrete random variables and probability distributions: 1) It defines random variables and gives examples of defining random variables based on outcomes of coin tosses or other experiments. 2) It explains how to construct probability distributions for discrete random variables by listing the possible values and their probabilities. 3) It discusses the properties that all probability distributions must satisfy: probabilities must be between 0 and 1, and the total probability must equal 1. 4) Examples are provided of determining probability distributions and probabilities for experiments like tossing coins or selecting numbers from boxes. Exercises are also included for practicing calculating probabilities.

Uploaded by

PALMA ANGELA MAE V.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS

&
PROBABILITY

Teacher: Jennifer D. Lopez


Random Variable
&
Probability Distribution of
Discrete Random Variable
Random Variable
• is a function that associates a
real number to each element in
the sample space.
• It is a variable whose values
are determined by chances.
Example 1: Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the
random variable representing the number of heads that occur.
Find the values of the random variable X.
Possible Value of the
Outcomes random Variable
X (# of Heads)

HH

HT

TH

TT
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.
Example 2: Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of tails that occur.
Find the values of the random variable Y.
Possible Value of the
Outcomes random Variable
Y (# of Tails)

HHH

HHT

HTH

https://www.google.com/search?q=tossing+three+coins&sxsrf=APq-
WBuGLvfRYCFDldKZcnojd6sW2a9Ozw:1644974756111&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirjoLAiIP2AhVpjdgFHUePCQYQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1360&bih=625&dpr=1&safe=active&s
sui=on
HTT

THH

THT

TTH

TTT
Example 3: Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let Z be the random variable representing the number
of blue balls. Find the values of the random variable Z.

Let B represent the blue balls and R represents the red balls.

Possible Value of the


Outcomes random Variable
Z (# of blue balls)
2
BB

1
BR

1
RB

0
RR
Examples: Examples:

1. The number of students randomly 1. Height


selected to be interviewed by a 2. Weight
researcher 3. Temperature
2. Number of left-handed teachers
randomly selected in a faculty room.
Exercise 1
Determine if the random variable X or Y is discrete or
continuous.

1. X = number of points scored in the last season by a randomly

selected basketball player in the PBA.

2. Y = the height in centimeter of a randomly selected students

inside the library.

3. Y = the number of birds in a nest

4. X = the weights in kg randomly selected dancers after taking up


aerobics
5. how long students ate breakfast

6. time to finish running 100 m

7. amount of paint utilized in a building project

8. the number of death per year attributed to lung cancer

9. the speed of a car

10. average temperature in Baguio City for the past 5 days


Probability Distribution
for a
Discrete Random Variable
PROBABILITY
The probability of an event can be expressed
numerically between _______ to _______.
Quick Review:
The Fundamental Counting Principle

If there are ways to do one thing, and ways


to do another thing, then there are ways to
do both things
Examples:

If you have 5 shirts and 3 pants, then you have 15 possible


outfits.
If you have 5 shirts, 3 pants, and 2 shoes then you have 30
possible outfits.
If you flip a coin and roll a die, then you have _____ possible
results.
If you flip a coin, roll a die, and draw a card from a deck of 52
cards then you have _______ possible results.
Examples:
1. How many different ways can 7 students be seated for a
selfie if only 4 seats are available?______
Examples:
2. How many permutations can be made for 5 different
books on a shelf that can accommodate exactly these 5
books? ______
3. How many ways can you select a committee of 4
students out of 10 students?______

4. How many triangles can be drawn on a plane using 4


non-collinear points? ________
Probability Distribution
Also known as probability mass
function.

It is a table that gives a list of


probability values along with their
associated value in the range of a
discrete random variable.
Discrete Probability Distribution
A discrete probability distribution consists of the values
a random variable can assume and the corresponding
probabilities.

Illustration: If two coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are HH, HT,
TH or TT. If X is the random variable for the number of head, construct
its probability distribution.
Possible Value of the
Outcomes random Variable
X (# of heads)

HH

HT
X 0 1 2
TH P (X)

TT
In the development of the probability function for
a discrete random variable, two conditions must be
satisfied:

1. The probability of each value of the random variable


must be between or equal to 0 to 1.
( 0 ≤ P (x) ≤ 1)

2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random


variable must be equal to 1.
Example 1: Determine whether the distributions is a
discrete probability distribution.

a. X 2 6 8
P(X) - 0.3 0.6 0.7

b. X 1 2 3 4 5
Example 2: Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random
variable representing the number of heads occur. Find the
probability of each of the values of the random variable Y.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random
Variable Y
(Number of HEADS)

HHH 3

THH 2

HTH 2

HHT 2

HTT 1

THT 1

TTH 1

TTT 0
Probability Distribution
Number of Heads 0 1 2 3

Probability (Y)
Example 3:
Box A and Box B contain 1, 2, 3, 4. Write the probability mass function
and draw the histogram of the sum when one number from each box is
taken at a time, with replacement.
A B
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise
Let X = result of rolling two dice
What is the probability of
getting a result of:

1. 2?

2. 11?

3. more than 8?

4. 2 or 7?

5. 4 to 7?

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