BASIC SQL

BASIC SQL
 Structured Query Language
 Statements for data definitions, queries, and updates (both DDL
and DML)
 Each statement in SQL ends with a semicolon
WHAT CAN BE DONE USING SQL
 execute queries on a database
 retrieve data from a database
 insert records in a database
 update records in a database
 delete records from a database
 create new databases
 create new tables in a database
 create stored procedures in a database
 create views in a database
 set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
RELATIONAL ALGEBRA VS SQL
SELECT DISTINCT A1, A2, …… An
FROM R1, R2, …. Rn
WHERE P
========================
π A1, A2, ...... An (σ P ( R1 x R2 x ……….. x Rn)
COMPANY DATABASE
CREATE TABLE COMMAND
 To create a new table in a database.
 Specify each attributes and their data types (eg. INTEGER, FLOAT,
DECIMAL(i,j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n))
 Syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    column3 datatype,
   ....
);
CREATE TABLE COMMAND
 A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute
 Can specify the primary key attributes, secondary keys and referential
integrity constraints (foreign keys).

CREATE TABLE DEPT

( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9),
MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
UNIQUE (DNAME),
FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP );
CREATE TABLE COMMAND EXAMPLE
CREATE TABLE COMMAND EXAMPLE
ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPES AND
DOMAINS

or

YYYY-MM-DD
or

or
ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPES AND
DOMAINS
ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPES AND
DOMAINS

 Domain
 Name used with the attribute specification
 Makes it easier to change the data type for a domain that is
used by numerous attributes
 Improves schema readability
 Example: CREATE DOMAIN SSN_TYPE AS CHAR(9);

use SSN_TYPE in place of CHAR(9)

SPECIFYING ATTRIBUTE
CONSTRAINTS & ATTRIBUTE
DEFAULTS
NULL is not
permitted for
CREATE TABLE DEPT DNAME

( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

MGRSSN CHAR(9) DEFAULT ‘N.A.’, Set Default
value for
MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), MGRSSN
UNIQUE (DNAME),
DNUMBER INT NOT NULL CHECK(DNUMBER > 0
AND DNUMBER <
21);
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
Limit
FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) the value range of EMP );
REFERENCES
DNUMBER
SPECIFYING CONSTRAINTS ON
TUPLES USING CHECK

CREATE TABLE DEPT

( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9) DEFAULT ‘N.A.’,
MGRSTARTDATE DATE,
UNIQUE (DNAME), • Specified at the end of
CREATE TABLE
DNUMBER INT NOT NULL, command
• Apply to each tuple
D_CREATE_DATE DATE,
individually
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP,
CHECK (D_CREATE_DATE <= MGRSTARTDATE);
);
SPECIFYING KEY AND REFERENTIAL
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT

( Dname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,

Dnumber INT NOT NULL,

Mgr_ssn CHAR(9) NOT NULL, To specify Dnumber is a

Mgr_start_date DATE, Primary Key

PRIMARY KEY (Dnumber), To specify Dname is an

alternate/secondary key
UNIQUE (Dname),

FOREIGN KEY (Mgr_ssn) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(Ssn) );

SPECIFYING KEY AND REFERENTIAL
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS (CONT.)

CREATE TABLE DEPT_LOCATIONS

It implies Dnumber of
( Dnumber INT NOT NULL,
DEPT_LOCATIONS table is
Dlocation VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL, referencing Dnumber of
DEPARTMENT table
PRIMARY KEY (Dnumber, Dlocation),

FOREIGN KEY (Dnumber) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (Dnumber)

ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE);

If a value is deleted/updated in Dnumber of DEPARTMENT table, what action is to

be taken for Dnumber of DEPT_LOCATIONS table.
Options include SET NULL, CASCADE, and SET DEFAULT
DML COMMANDS
 THE INSERT COMMAND
 CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
( Fname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Minit CHAR,
Lname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Ssn CHAR(9) NOT NULL,
Bdate DATE,
Address VARCHAR(30), Creating new
Sex CHAR, table in
Salary DECIMAL(10,2), database
Super_ssn CHAR(9),
Dno INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (Ssn),
FOREIGN KEY (Super_ssn) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(Ssn),
Inserting
FOREIGN KEY (Dno) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(Dnumber) );
entries in
EMPLOYEE
table
 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES ( ‘Richard’, ‘K’, ‘Marini’, ‘653298653’, ‘1962-
12-30’, ‘98 Oak Forest, Katy, TX’, ‘M’, 37000, ‘653298653’, 4 );
INSERT COMMAND (CONT.)

 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (Fname, Lname, Dno, Ssn)

VALUES (‘Richard’, ‘Marini’, 4, ‘653298653’); values must include all attributes

with NOT NULL specification
and no default value.

 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (Fname, Lname, Ssn, Dno)

rejected as EMPLOYEE Dno is
VALUES (‘Robert’, ‘Hatcher’, ‘980760540’, 2); foreign key of DEPARTMENT
table and there is no department
2

 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (Fname, Lname, Dno)

VALUES (‘Robert’, ‘Hatcher’, 5); rejected as Ssn is defined NOT

NULL
 BASIC RETRIEVAL QUERIES -
SELECT

Dname Dnumber Dlocation

Headquarters 1 Houston
Two or more
Administration 4 Stafford tuples that are
identical in all
Research 5 Bellaire
their attribute
Research 5 Sugarland values are
allowed in SQL
Administration 4 Stafford

Research 5 Houston
SELECT-FROM-WHERE STRUCTURE

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>

WHERE <condition>;
 <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved
by the query.
 <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the query.
 <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies the tuples
to be retrieved by the query.
EXAMPLE
 Query: Retrieve the birth date and address of the employee(s) whose
name is ‘John B. Smith’.

SELECT Bdate, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Fname= ‘John’ AND Minit =‘B’ AND Lname

=‘Smith’;
 Output:
EXAMPLE
 Query: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the
‘Research’ department.

SELECT Fname, Lname, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE Dname = ‘Research’ AND Dnumber = Dno;

 Output:
EXAMPLE
 Query: For every project located in ‘Stafford’, list the project number, the
controlling department number, and the department manager’s last name,
address, and birth date.

SELECT Pnumber, Dnum, Lname, Address, Bdate

FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dnum = Dnumber AND Mgr_ssn = Ssn AND

Plocation=‘Stafford’;
 Output:
AMBIGUOUS ATTRIBUTE NAMES

 Same name can be used for two (or more) attributes as long as the
attributes are in different relations

SELECT Fname, EMPLOYEE.Name, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE DEPARTMENT.Name = ‘Research’ AND

DEPARTMENT.Dnumber = EMPLOYEE.Dnumber;

Specify table name along with attribute name whenever two tables
have same attribute names
ALIASING, RENAMING AND TUPLE
VARIABLES
 Query: For each employee, retrieve the employee’s first and last name and the first
and last name of his or her immediate supervisor.

SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, S.Fname, S.Lname

FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, EMPLOYEE AS S

WHERE E.Super_ssn = S.Ssn; Aliasing table

names.
 Output:

Table & Attribute Aliasing: EMPLOYEE AS E (Fn, Mi, Ln, Ssn, Bd, Addr,
Sex, Sal, Sssn, Dno)
UNSPECIFIED WHERE CLAUSE
 Query: Select all EMPLOYEE Ssns

SELECT Ssn
no condition on tuple
FROM EMPLOYEE; selection

Ssn
 Output: 123456789
333445555
999887777
453453453
666884444
987654321
987987987
888665555
UNSPECIFIED WHERE CLAUSE (CONT.)
 Query: Select all combinations of EMPLOYEE Ssn and DEPARTMENT
Dname in the database.
CROSS PRODUCT -
SELECT Ssn, Dname
All possible tuple
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT; combinations

 Output:
USE OF THE ASTERISK
 Query: Retrieve all the attribute values of any EMPLOYEE who
works in DEPARTMENT number 5

SELECT *
Retrieve all the attribute
FROM EMPLOYEE values of the selected
tuples
WHERE Dno=5;
 Output:
WHAT IS OUTPUT?

 Query 1:

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE Dname = ‘Research’ AND Dno = Dnumber;

 Query 2:

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT;

 SOLUTION
 Query 1 Output:

Super_ Mgr_ Mgr_

Fname Minit Lname Ssn Bdate Address Sex Salary Dno Dname Dnumber
ssn ssn start_date
… … … … … … … … … 5 Research 5 … …
… … … … … … … … … 5 Research 5 … …
… … … … … … … … … 5 Research 5 … …
… … … … … … … … … 5 Research 5 … …
… … … … … … … … … 5 Research 5 … …

 Query 2 Output:
Super_ Mgr_ Mgr_
Fname Minit Lname Ssn Bdate Address Sex Salary Dno Dname Dnumber
ssn ssn start_date
… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
VARIATION OF INSERT COMMAND
CREATE TABLE WORKS_ON_INFO
( Emp_name VARCHAR(15),
Proj_name VARCHAR(15),
Hours_per_week DECIMAL(3,1) );

INSERT INTO WORKS_ON_INFO ( Emp_name, Proj_name,

Hours_per_week )
SELECT E.Lname, P.Pname, W.Hours
FROM PROJECT P, WORKS_ON W, EMPLOYEE E
WHERE P.Pnumber = W.Pno AND W.Essn = E.Ssn;
TABLES AS SETS

 Query: Retrieve the salary of every employee.

SELECT ALL Salary

FROM EMPLOYEE;
 Output:

SQL does not automatically

eliminate duplicate tuples in
query results
TABLES AS SETS (CONT.)

 Query: Retrieve all distinct salary values.

SELECT DISTINCT Salary

FROM EMPLOYEE; Allows only distinct

tuples in the result

 Output:
 Applicable to union-compatible
relations i.e. the two relations
TABLES AS SETS (CONT.) should have the same attributes and
in the same order in both relations.

SET OPERATIONS

Operation Relational Algebra SQL

Difference - EXCEPT

Union U UNION

Intersection ∩ INTERSECT
 EXAMPLE
 Query: Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is ‘Smith’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls
the project.

(SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber

FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dnum=Dnumber AND Mgr_ssn=Ssn AND Lname=‘Smith’ )
UNION
( SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Pnumber=Pno AND Essn=Ssn AND Lname=‘Smith’ );

 Output:
Pnumber
1
2
TABLES AS SETS (CONT.)

 Corresponding multiset operations: UNION ALL, EXCEPT ALL,

INTERSECT ALL)
 Multiset Operations: duplicates are not eliminated
 Example:

Relations R UNION ALL S R EXCEPT ALL S R INTERSECT ALL S

SUBSTRING PATTERN MATCHING

 Query: Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston, Texas.

SELECT Fname, Lname

Used for string pattern
FROM EMPLOYEE matching

WHERE Address LIKE ‘%Houston,TX%’;

 Output: replaces an arbitrary

Fname Lname number of zero or
John Smith
more characters
Franklin Wong
Joyce English
Ahmad Jabbar
James Borg
SUBSTRING PATTERN MATCHING
(CONT.)

 Query: Find all employees who were born during the 1950s.

Used for string pattern

SELECT Fname, Lname matching
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Bdate LIKE ‘_ _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _’;

replaces a single
character

 Output: Fname Lname

Franklin Wong
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Query: Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the
‘ProductX’ project is given a 10 percent raise.

SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, 1.1 * E.Salary AS Increased_sal

FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, WORKS_ON AS W, PROJECT AS P
WHERE E.Ssn=W.Essn AND W.Pno=P.Pnumber AND
P.Pname=‘ProductX’;

 Output:

Fname Lname Increased_sal

John Smith 33000
Joyce English 27500
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS (CONT.)

 Query: Retrieve all employees in department 5 whose salary is between

$30,000 and $40,000.

((Salary >= 30000) AND (Salary <= 40000))

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE (Salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000) AND Dno = 5;

 Output:
 ORDERING OF QUERY RESULTS
 Query: Retrieve a list of employees and the projects they are working on, ordered by department and, within each department,
ordered alphabetically by last name, then first name.

SELECT D.Dname, E.Lname, E.Fname, P.Pname

FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON W, PROJECT P
WHERE D.Dnumber=E.Dno AND E.Ssn=W.Essn AND W.Pno=
P.Pnumber
ORDER BY D.Dname, E.Lname, E.Fname;

• Default order is ascending.

• First order on Dname, if Dname same then on Lname, if Lname same then on
Fname
• Use ASC or DESC to change default order: ORDER BY D.Dname DESC,
E.Lname ASC, E.Fname ASC
ORDERING OF QUERY RESULTS (CONT.)
SUMMARY

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>

[ WHERE <condition> ]

[ ORDER BY <attribute list> ];

OPTIONAL
THE DELETE COMMAND

 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Lname=‘Brown’;

To specify the tuples to be

deleted
 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Ssn=‘123456789’;
missing WHERE clause
specifies that all tuples in the
 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE; relation are to be deleted. The table
remains in the database as an
empty table.
THE UPDATE COMMAND
Modify attribute
values of one or more
selected tuples
 UPDATE PROJECT

SET Plocation = ‘Bellaire’, Dnum = 5

WHERE Pnumber=10;

To specify attributes to
be modified and new
values
 UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET Salary = Salary * 1.1

WHERE Dno = 5;
THANKS!!