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Logic Gates

This document introduces logic gates and their usage. It discusses drawing logic circuits, analyzing logic circuits, and universal NAND and NOR gates. It explains how to execute logic expressions using NAND and NOR gates, and covers positive and negative logic. It also describes constructing sum-of-products (SOP) and product-of-sums (POS) logic expressions.

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Muhd Darwish Mohd Zailani
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98 views21 pages

Logic Gates

This document introduces logic gates and their usage. It discusses drawing logic circuits, analyzing logic circuits, and universal NAND and NOR gates. It explains how to execute logic expressions using NAND and NOR gates, and covers positive and negative logic. It also describes constructing sum-of-products (SOP) and product-of-sums (POS) logic expressions.

Uploaded by

Muhd Darwish Mohd Zailani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Logic Gates

• Draw Logic Circuit


• Analysis of Logic Circuit
• Universal gates NAND and NOR
– NAND gate
– NOR gate
• Execution using NAND gate
• Execution using NOR gate
• Positive & Negative Logic
• SOP Expression Execution
• POS Expression Execution
• Integrated Logic Circuit Family

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Draw Logic Gates

• When Boolean expression is obtained, we


can draw logic gates
• Example:
– F1 = xyz’ (use three input AND gate)

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Draw Logic Gates

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Logic Circuit Analysis

• When logic circuit is given, we can analyze


the circuit to obtain logical expression
• Example:
– What is the Boolean expression for F4

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Logic Circuit Analysis

• What is the Boolean expression for F5

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Universal Gates: NAND & NOR
• Gate AND/OR/NOT is enough to build any
Boolean function
• Even though, other gates is also used because:
– Very useful (no choice)
– Save transistor’s number
– Self sufficient (can build any gate from it)

NAND/NOR: save, self sufficient


XOR: useful (e.g. execute parity bit)

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NAND Gate

• NAND gate is self sufficient (i.e.can build


any gate from it)
• Can be used for building AND/OR/NOT
gate
• Build NOT gate using NAND gate

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NAND Gate

• Build AND gate using NAND gates

• Build OR gate using NAND gates

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NOR Gate

• NOR gate is also self sufficient


• Can be used for building AND/OR/NOT
gate
• Build NOT gate using NOR gate

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NOR Gate

• Build AND gate using NOR gates

• Build OR gate using NOR gates

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Build using NAND gate
• It is not impossible to build Boolean
expression using NAND gates
Steps
– Obtain sum-of-product Boolean expression
• E.g: F3 = xy’ +x’z
– Use DeMorgan theorem to get expression using
two level NAND gate
• E.g: F3 = xy’ +x’z
= (xy’+x’z)”
= ((xy’)’.(x’z)’)’

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Build using NAND gate

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Build using NOR gate
• It is not impossible to build Boolean
expression using NOR gates
Steps
– Obtain product-of-sum Boolean expression
• E.g: F6 = (x+y’).(x’+z)
– Use DeMorgan theorem to get expression using
two level NAND gate
• E.g: F3 = (x+y’).(x’+z)
=((x+y’).(x’+z))’’
= ((x+y’)+(x’+z)’)’

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Build using NOR gate

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Positive & Negative Logic
• In logic gate, most of the time
– H (High Voltage, 5V) = logic 1
– L (Low Voltage, 0V) = logic 0
• This is called positive logic
• However, if it is inverted, it is negative logic
– H (High Voltage, 5V) = logic 0
– L (Low Voltage, 0V) = logic 1
• Depends, some similar gate need different
Boolean function

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Positive & Negative Logic

• Signal which is set to logic 1 is said to be


active and true
• Signal which is set to logic 0 is said to be
not active and false
• The name of active high signal is always
written in non-compliment form
• The name of active low signal is always
written in compliment form

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Positive & Negative Logic

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Construction of SOP Expression

• Sum-of-product expression can be built


using
– Two level logic gate AND-OR
– Two level logic gate AND-NOT
• Logic AND-OR gate

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Construction of SOP Expression

• NAND-NAND circuit (with transformation


circuit)
– Add two balls
– Change OR with NAND
with inverted input and ball
on it’s compliment input

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Construction of POS Expression

• Product-of-sum expression can be built


using
– Two level logic gate AND-OR
– Two level logic gate AND-NOT
• Logic AND-OR gate

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Construction of POS Expression

• NOR-NOR circuit (with transformation


circuit)
– Add two balls
 
  – Change AND with NOR
 
with inverted input and ball
on it’s compliment input
”:

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