What is a sentence?

It is a group of words that contain a subject, a verb and

expresses a complete thought.
Why are these word groups NOT a sentence?
The magazine’s essay contest for tenth-grade history
students.
Was shown as the best one from over two.
When the judges announced the winner.
Sentence:
Subject +Verb + Full,
Complete Meaning
I watched a new movie
yesterday. (Full Meaning)
What is a clause?
A clause is a word group that contains a verb and
its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part
of a sentence.
Every clause has a subject and a verb, but not all
clauses express complete thought.
If a clause expresses a complete thought it’s called an
independent clause.
If a clause doesn’t express a complete thought it’s
called a dependent clause.
Independent Clause
Jim studied in the library for his
chemistry quiz.
We are watching the television.
The school is far from my house.
I like to walk with my friends.
Independent Clause =Sentence
Dependent Clause
When I was a student.
If it rains tomorrow.
Whenever my mother shouts
Because I was late for school
Although the weather was bad
Who is my mother

To have a complete sentence, you have to add an

independent clause to the dependent clause.
Complete sentences
When I was a student, I used to study hard.
I used to study hard when I was a student.
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the movies.
We won’t go to the movies if it rains tomorrow.
Whenever my mother shouts, my dog starts barking.
My dog starts barking whenever my mother shouts.
Because I was late for school, I had to go to detention.
I had to go to detention because I was late for school.
Although the weather was bad, we still went on the picnic.
We still went on the picnic although the weather was bad.
Amina, who is my mother, is a very kind person.

 Note the punctuation !

What is a phrase?
A phrase is a group of words that does not contain
both a verb and its subject.
Example:
Would have arrived
No subject
In the deep blue sea
No subject no verb
Phrase or not a phrase?
In the government In the public interest
Rhode island was a Among the colonies
colony In the large forest
Without representation Many years have passed
A charter was written
The colonies united
To leave early
The revolution began
Sentences classified
according to structure
There are four basic sentence structure
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound – Complex
sentence
The Simple Sentence
It contains one independent clause
and no subordinate clauses.

It can contain a compound subject, a

compound verb, and any number of
phrases.
Compound subjects
It consists to two or more subjects that are joined
by a conjunction and that have the same verb.

Mr. Adams and his daughter planted the garden.

Jackets and ties are required in that restaurant.
Either John or his brother wrote the story.
Compound verbs
It consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a
conjunction and that have the same subject.

Ahmed neither sings nor plays an instrument.

Either Bill or Jan may stay and help us.
I have written the letter and addressed the
envelope.
Try Out these examples
Cora and Karim bought party supplies at the mall.
Compound subject
Later, they drove to school and decorated the
cafeteria.
Compound verb
The hairstylist gave LouLou a new look.
One subject and one verb
The Compound Sentence
It consists of two or more independent clauses
but NO subordinate clause.
It is two or more independent clauses joined together
by:
A comma and a coordinating conjunction
A semi colon
A semi colon and a conjunctive adverb (therefore,
however, consequently)
Compound Sentences
A compound sentence has two
independent clauses joined by:
1. A coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS)
2. A conjunctive adverb
3. A semi colon alone
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT FANBOYS
OR
YET
SO
Examples:

Tom reads novels, but Jack reads

comics.
Tom reads novels; however, Jack
reads comics.
Tom reads novels; it has improved his
writing style.
Combining by using a coordinating
conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions are
FANBOYS
Rule:
Independent Clause + Coordinator+ independent Clause.
For
To add reason
Japanese people live longer than most other
nationalities, for they eat healthful diets.
And
To add a similar, or equal idea
They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat
lightly.
Nor
To add a negative equal idea
They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat
many dairy products.
But
To add an opposite idea
Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not
the only factor.
Or
To add an alternative possibility
However, people should limit the amount of animal
fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease.
Yet
To add an unexpected or surprising continuation
Smoking is a factor in longevity, yet Japanese and
other long-lived Asians have a very high rate of tobacco
use.
So
To add an expected result
Doctors say that stress is another longevity factor ,so
try to avoid stress if you wish to live a longer life.
Conjunctive Adverbs
I have always loved flags; however, they have become a
passion lately.
I have always loved flags. However, they have become
a passion lately.
 Common conjunctive adverbs
Addition Contrast Result Emphasis Example Similar Summary
Also However Consequently Indeed For example Also Finally

In addition Instead As a result In fact For instance Likewise For these

reasons
Next Nevertheless For these Certainly In other words similarly
reasons In short
Furthermore On the other Of course In short
Hence In summary
Moreover Hand specifically
Therefore
besides In contrast
thus
Meanwhile
 
Conversely
alternatively
Can you punctuate these compound
sentences?
The snow kept Sally from jogging anyway she had homework to do.
 
The dance finished early finally we could get something to eat.
 
It is very hard to learn to swim of course it will be worth it in the
end.
 
Bob really wants a new car however he cannot afford it.
 
We will go to a movie then we will have some dinner.
 
Bob and Ellen decided to go likewise I changed my mind, too.
 
Be very very careful !!!
Simple:
To pass the time, they talked about school and told
stories about their families.

Compound:
To pass the time, they talked about school, and they
told stories about their families.
A Complex Sentence
It contains one independent clause
and at least one subordinate clause
identified by a dependent marker.
Common Dependent markers
Provided that
After Since
Although That
As Than
As if Though
As long as Unless
As soon as Until
As though When
As well as Whenever
Because Where
Before Wherever
Even though Whether
If While
In order that why
For example:
When I watch Martha’s performances, I feel like
studying dance.
I feel like studying dance when I watch Martha’s
performances

Independent clause:
I feel like studying dance
Subordinate clause:
When I watch Martha’s performances
China is a largely agricultural country that has a
population of more than one billion people.

Independent:
China is a largely agricultural country
Dependent:
That has a population of more than one billion people.
Combine the following simple sentences to
create a complex sentence.
1. I had read the book. I could not remember the
ending.
2. These trees will not grow. They are fertilized.
3. Linda left her office. Ann arrived.
4. I will trust you. You tell me the whole truth.
5. Ali sneezed a lot. He was around too many flowers.
Writing with style: using a variety of sentences !
Upgrade this paragraph to have style.
Deer are known to be fast runners. They are also
known to be excellent swimmers. They may seem
timid to humans. They are not defenseless. Their
sharp hooves can deliver damaging blows. The male’s
antlers are formidable weapons. The antlers are
branched. Deer have some exotic relatives. This is an
interesting fact. Scientific evidence suggests a
connection between deer and giraffes. Deer and
giraffes have a common genetic past.