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3 Transformers

Transformers are electrical devices that convert alternating current (AC) voltages from one level to another by the principle of electromagnetic induction. They have three main components - a primary coil, secondary coil, and ferromagnetic core. The primary coil is connected to an AC input source and the changing magnetic field it produces induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to increase or decrease AC voltages to desired levels. Transformers do not function when connected to a direct current (DC) supply as DC does not produce a changing magnetic field needed for induction.

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38 views37 pages

3 Transformers

Transformers are electrical devices that convert alternating current (AC) voltages from one level to another by the principle of electromagnetic induction. They have three main components - a primary coil, secondary coil, and ferromagnetic core. The primary coil is connected to an AC input source and the changing magnetic field it produces induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to increase or decrease AC voltages to desired levels. Transformers do not function when connected to a direct current (DC) supply as DC does not produce a changing magnetic field needed for induction.

Uploaded by

Ujjwal Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSFORMERS

WHAT ARE TRANSFORMERS?


 Transformers are electrical devices used to convert or
"transform" AC voltage from one level to another. (high
to low or low to high)
 Input and output are AC

 They do this by the principle of electromagnetic


induction
TRANSFORMER
SYMBOL OF TRANSFORMER
PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER
A transformer consists of 3 basic components
 Primary Coil or Primary Winding : It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
input side
 Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding: It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
output side
 Core : A ferromagnetic material that can conduct
a magnetic field through it. Example: Iron
TRANSFORMER STRUCTURE
TRANSFORMER OPERATION
 An electrical transformer normally consists of a
ferromagnetic core and two coils called "windings".
 A transformer uses the principle of mutual inductance to
create an AC voltage in the secondary coil from the
alternating electric current flowing through the primary
coil.
 The voltage induced in the secondary can be used to
drive a load.
WHAT IS MUTUAL INDUCTANCE?
 The principle of mutual inductance says that when two
electrical coils are placed near to each other, AC
electrical current flowing in one coil induces an AC
voltage in the other coil.
 This is because current in the first coil creates a magnetic
field around the first coil which in turn induces a voltage
in second coil
TURNS RATIO
 The voltage at the secondary coil can be different from
the voltage at the primary. This happens when the
number of turns of the coil in primary and secondary are
not the same
 The Turns Ratio (TR) is the ratio of the number of turns
in the primary coil to the number of turns in the
secondary coil
FORMULAS

TR= Vp / Vs
Also TR= Np /Ns
So we can say

Vp / Vs = Np /Ns
Also Vp/Vs=Is /Ip
TRANSFORMER VOLTAGES &
CURRENTS
EMF EQUATION
LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
 The losses that occur in transformers have to be accounted for in any
accurate model of transformer behavior.
 1. Copper (I2R) losses. Copper losses are the resistive heating losses in
the primary and secondary windings of the transformer. They are
proportional to the square of the current in the windings.
 2. Eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are resistive heating losses in
the core of the transformer. They are proportional to the square of the
voltage applied to the transformer.
 3. Hysteresis losses. Hysteresis losses are associated with the
rearrangement of the magnetic domains in the core during each half-
cycle. They are a complex, nonlinear function of the voltage applied to
the transformer.
 4. Leakage flux. The fluxes which escape the core and pass through only
one of the transformer windings are leakage fluxes. These escaped fluxes
produce a self-inductance in the primary and secondary coils, and the
effects of this inductance must be accounted for.
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 The power loss is converted to heat . The heat produced can be
found by calculating the transformer efficiency.
TRANSFORMER
EFFICIENCY

Power Output

Power Input
Power Input  Losses

Power Input
Losses
1
Power Input
Pcopper loss  Pcore loss
1
Pcopper loss  Pcore loss  V s I s cos 

Usually the efficiency for a power transformer is between 0.9 to 0.99. The higher the
rating of a transformer, the greater is its efficiency.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input winding and an output winding.
It has the following properties:
 1. No iron and copper losses
 2. No leakage fluxes
 3. A core of infinite magnetic permeability and of infinite electrical resistivity
 4. Flux is confined to the core and winding resistances are negligible
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS

 Zero leakage flux:


-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary
currents are confined within the core
 The windings have no resistance:

- Induced voltages equal applied voltages


 The core has infinite permeability

- Reluctance of the core is zero


- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
 Loss-less magnetic core

- No hysteresis or eddy currents


IDEAL TRANSFORMER

V1 – supply voltage ; I1- noload input current ;


V2- output voltgae; I2- output current
Im- magnetising current;
E1-self induced emf ; E2- mutually induced emf
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM
EFFICIENCY
CONTD.,

The load at which the two losses are equal =


ALL DAY EFFICIENCY
out put in watts
ordinary commercial efficiency 
input in watts

output in kWh
 all day  ( for 24 hours)
Input in kWh

•All day efficiency is always less than the commercial efficiency


AUTOTRANSFORMERS
 An autotransformer uses only one coil for the primary
and secondary.
 It uses taps on the coil to produce the different ratios
and voltages.
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
 Auto-Transformer is a transformer with only one winding.
 That means, the primary and secondary windings are not
electrically isolated form each other.
other In other words, the
primary and the secondary of autotransformer are physically
connected.
 The theory is almost the same as two winding transformer.

MZS
FKEE,UMP
AUTO-TRANSFORMER (ANALYSIS
FOR STEP-UP AUTOTRANS)
a
IH

V2
IL
V1 N1 b I2
N1 V1 VH
I1
VL V1

c
Two – winding Transformer
Connection as an Auto-Transformer

MZS
FKEE,UMP
ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACK OF
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
 Advantages
i. The secondary winding is as part of primary winding. Hence,

MZS
FKEE,UMP
autotransformer eliminates the need for a separate secondary
winding.
winding
ii. As a results, autotransformers are always smaller, lighter, and
cheaper.
cheaper
 Drawback
i. Absence of electrically isolation is a serious drawbacks in
some applications
TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY
 What will happen if the Primary of a Transformer is
Connected to D.C. Supply????

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