Most Essential Learning Competency

Differentiate kinds of variables and their uses

(MELC)
Arrange the jumbled letters to
form the word

idenpenendt
independent
Arrange the jumbled letters to
form the word

dpendteen
dependent
Are you a dependent
or an independent
grade 12 student?
 Activity 1: Let’s try!
Directions: Read and answer the following questions.
1. Which variable is manipulated by the researcher?
A. extraneous variable C. dependent variable
B. independent variable D. confounding variable

2. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative

variable?
A. plant variety B. IQ C. hair color D. race
 Activity 1: Let’s review!
Directions: Read and answer the following questions.
3. Which of the following is an example of qualitative variable?
A. monthly sales C. gender
B. basketball player number D. IQ
4. The variable is the presumed effect of the manipulation on
the object/subject of the experiment.
A. extraneous variable C. dependent variable
B. independent variable D. confounding variable
 Activity 1: Let’s review!
Directions: Read and answer the following questions.

5. A type of variable that represent categories and can be

ordered.
A. nominal B. discrete C. ordinal D. ratio
6. What type of variable is characterized by evenly dispersed
range of numbers?
A. nominal B. interval C. dichotomous D. ratio
 Activity 1: Let’s review!
Directions: Read and answer the following questions.
7. The variable that has potential effect on the dependent
variables that are not part of the study.
A. extraneous variable C. dependent variable
B. independent variable D. confounding variable
8. A variable that is used to name, categorize, or label the
attributes being measured.
A. nominal B. interval C. ordinal D. ratio
 Activity 1: Let’s review!
Directions: Read and answer the following questions.
9. What type of variable is gender?
A. nominal C. dichotomous
B. interval D. continuous
10. What type of variable is the height of students before and
after taking growth enhancers for 2 months?
A. nominal C. dichotomous
B. interval D. continuous
 a logical set of attributes,
a person, place, thing, or
DATA characteristics, numbers, or
quantities that can be measured
phenomenon that are
measured in some way ITEM or counted

the changing quantity

or measure of any an object, event, idea,
any factor or
factor, trait, or feeling, time period, or
property that a
condition that can exist any other type of
researcher measures,
in differing amounts or category you are trying
controls, and/or
types to measure 
manipulates
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
•continuou
s numeric/quantitative •ordinal
•discrete •nominal
•independen categorical/qualitative •dichotomous
t experimental •polychotomous
•dependent
•univariate study
•extraneous non-experimental
•bivariate study
•predictor according to the •polyvariate
•criterion number being studied study
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
•continuou
s numeric/quantitative
•discrete
 describe a measurable numerical quantity
 answer the questions
“how many” or “how much”
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
continuous numeric/quantitative
interval
 take fractional (non-whole EXAMPLES:
number) values that can either be a
age, time,
positive or a negative
 can assume an infinite number of
temperature,
real values within a given interval height, weight
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
va l
t e r
in continuous numeric/quantitative
For instance (AGE)
19 years, 10 months, 2 days, EXAMPLES:
5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 age, time,
milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, temperature,
99 picoseconds…and so on. height, weight
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
discrete numeric/quantitative
 are countable whole numbers
 does not take negative values EXAMPLES:
or values between fixed points number of
 can assume only a finite students in a class,
number of real values within a total number of
given interval teachers
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
•ordinal
categorical/qualitative
•nominal
•dichotomous  describe a quality or
•polychotomou characteristic of a data unit like
“what type” or “which
s category”
 are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
ordina
categorical/qualitative
l
can be named, grouped
and ranked
competition: first, second, third
economic status: low, medium, high
letter grades: A, B, C, D
education level: elementary, high school, college
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
ordina
categorical/qualitative
l
Ranking of high school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 10th…
A student scoring 99/100 would be the 1st rank, another student
scoring 92/100 would be 3rd and so on and so forth.

The variable “frequency of physical exercise” can be categorized

into the following:
1. Never 2. Rarely 3. 4. Often 5. Always
Sometimes
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative
 simply define groups of subjects
 cannot be organized in a logical way
 might be numeric in nature but it cannot have any
numerical properties
 can be classified either based on the collection
technique or based on the numeric property
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative
The nominal variable types are given as follows:
 Open-Ended Nominal Variable
 Closed-Ended Nominal Variable
 Numeric and Non-Numeric
Nominal Variable
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative

Open-Ended Nominal Variable - when

participants are asked open-ended questions such
that they are free to respond in any way they like
For example:
"How can a teacher improve his teaching methods?"
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative
Closed-Ended Nominal Variable - when the response
of participants to a question has been restricted
For example:
"How can a teacher improve his teaching methods?
a) acquiring better knowledge
b)improving communication
c) demonstrating flexibility
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative
Numeric and Non-Numeric Nominal Variable - can
take on a quantitative value but does not have any
numeric property
For example: phone numbers -a non-numeric nominal
variable neither takes on a numerical value nor
does it have any numeric property
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

nominal categorical/qualitative
EXAMPLE: business types, eye colors, kinds
of religion, various languages, types of
learners
A basketball player’s number is used to distinguish
him from other players. It certainly does not follow
that player 10 is better than player 8.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

dichotomous categorical/qualitative
EXAMPLE:
consist of only  answer (yes or no)
two distinct  sex (male or female)
 veracity (true or false)
categories or  exam results (passed or
failed)
values  coin flip (head or tail)
 property type (residential or
commercial)
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

polychotomous categorical/qualitative
EXAMPLE:
with more than  Educational attainment
two distinct (elementary, high school,
college)
categories  Level of performance
(excellent, very good, good,
satisfactory, poor)
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
• independent
• dependent experimental
• extraneous
EXAMPLE:  are usually one or several of
 disease the sample attribute categories
 compound  describe the factors that differ
 genotype
between the test and the
 growth condition
 time control samples
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
independen
experimental
t
 the condition of an experiment that is
systematically manipulated by the investigator
 the presumed cause

manipulated or stable, not influenced, and

unaffected by the other
explanatory
variables
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

dependent experimental
 are expected to change as a result of an
experimental manipulation of the independent
variable or variables
 the presumed effect
response or
 depend on other factors that
predicted are measured
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

extraneous experimental
 any variable that you are not investigating that can
potentially affect the dependent variable of your
research study  are already existing during the
conduct of an experiment
mediating or  could influence the result of the
study
intervening covariat
e
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
Example
experimental
s
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Types of Variables experimental

Example A:
Title of Research: An Experiment on the Methods of
Teaching and Language Achievement Among Elementary
Pupils
Independent Variable methods of teaching
(IV): language achievement
Dependent Variable (DV): ventilation facilities,
Extraneous Variable physical ambiance
(EV):
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Types of Variables experimental

Example B:
Title of Research: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of
Fertilizer: Their Effects on the Amount of Harvest
Independent Variable use of gardening tools and types
(IV): of fertilizer
amount of harvest
Dependent Variable (DV): humidity level, types of
Extraneous Variable seeds/plants
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
•predicto
r non-experimental
•criterion
 are purely observational and the results are
intended to be purely descriptive
 take place in a real-life setting, and it is
not possible for the researcher to control,
manipulate or alter all possible variables
 the researcher relies on interpretation or
observations to conclude
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

non-experimental
•predicto
•criterion
r
change the other are usually
variable/s in a non- influenced by the
experimental study predictor variables
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

non-experimental
Title of Research: Competencies of Teachers and
Student’s Behavior in Selected Private Schools
competencies of
student’s behavior
teachers
•predicto •criterion
r
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

non-experimental
Title of Research: Conduct of Guidance Counselling
Programs and Degree of Absenteeism and Drop-Out Rate
Among Grade 8 Classes
conduct of guidance degree of absenteeism
counselling programs and drop-out rate
•predicto
•criterion
r
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

non-experimental
Title of Research: Conduct of Guidance Counselling
Programs and Degree of Absenteeism and Drop-Out Rate
Among Grade 8 Classes
conduct of guidance degree of absenteeism
counselling programs and drop-out rate
•predicto
•criterion
r
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

according to the number being studied

•univariate study two variables are
being studied
only one variable is
being studied •bivariate study
more than two variables
•polyvariate study are being studied
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
•continuou
s numeric/quantitative •ordinal
•discrete •nominal
•independen categorical/qualitative •dichotomous
t experimental •polychotomous
•dependent
•univariate study
•extraneous non-experimental
•bivariate study
•predictor according to the •polyvariate
•criterion number being studied study
 Directions: Identify the variables in each situation or
title and classify them according to its nature.
1. Three groups of students were placed in a classroom
with controlled room temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 25°C.
The math exam scores of the students were then taken
and compared to the other groups.
Independent Variable room temperature
(IV): Math exam scores
Dependent Variable (DV): student’s IQ/abilities
Extraneous Variable
2. An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price
on Facebook posts will attract consumers more. He posted 50 products
for sale on Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated the price while
the remaining 25 products, did not have prices. Buyers were just
instructed to send him a personal message (pm) if they want to know
the price. He then identified which products have greater sales.
Independent Variable FB posts
(IV): sales
Dependent Variable (DV): Product quality/current
Extraneous Variable economic status
3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for her
pechay plants: the soil purchased from an online seller, soil
from her backyard compost or the soil underneath the nearby
bamboo tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds into each soil source
and then compared the growth of pechay after a month.
Independent Variable source of soil
(IV): growth of pechay
Dependent Variable (DV): weather or environmental
Extraneous Variable conditions/pests
(EV):
4. Jenny is only borrowing the cellphone chargers of her brother, sister, and
mother because she lost her phone charger. All chargers are of the same
specifications as hers even though they have different phone brands.
However, she would like to know which charger and charging cable
combination would fill her phone battery the fastest. She used the following
codes as her reference and charged her phone uninterrupted using the
following combination. The charging time of the phone was then compared.
charger and charging
Independent Variable cable combination
(IV): charging time/how fast
Dependent Variable (DV): charger quality/compatibility
Extraneous Variable
5. A teacher wanted to know which learning delivery modes (pure
online, pure modular, combination of online and modular) is most
effective and has the fastest turnaround time in the submission of
accomplished activities among her Grade 12 students. She divided the
students into 3 groups, gave them the same activity sheets and asked
them to submit as soon as it is completed. She then compared the
scores and completion time of the 3 groups.
Independent Variable learning modality
(IV): exam scores
Dependent Variable (DV): student learning style /
Extraneous Variable availability of resources
“Education is not the filling of a
pot but the lighting of a fire.”
— W.B. Yeats