BENDING STRESS

CHAPTER 3
 Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Determine the Center of Gravity, Moment Inertia and Bending Stress
2. Explain about the theory of Simple Bending
3. Determine the Modulus and Strength of a Section

Topics:

• Center Of Gravity
• Moment of Inertia
• Bending Stress in simple Beam
• Bending stress in Composite Beam
1.0 CENTER OF GRAVITY

 1.1 Determination center of Gravity

 1.2 Centroid
 1.3 Position Plan Geometrical/ Regular Solid
 1.4 Centroid Composite Area /area of volume
 1.1 DETERMINATION CENTER
OF GRAVITY

 The center of gravity is a geometric property of any object. The center of

gravity is the average location of the weight of an object.
 We can completely describe the motion of any object through space in
terms of the translation of the center of gravity of the object from one
place to another, and the rotation of the object about its center of gravity if
it is free to rotate.

Determining the center of gravity is very important for any flying

object. How do engineers determine the location of the center of
gravity for an aircraft which they are designing?
 1.2 Centroid

 The plan figures ( like triangle, quadrilateral, circle etc) have only areas,
but no mass. The center of area of such figure is known as centroid.
 The method of finding out the centroid of figure is the same as that of
finding out the centre of gravity of a body.

D C

h
G

A B
b
1.3 Position Plan Geometrical/
Regular Solid

1.3.1 : Position of
Centroid of Plane
Geometrical Figures bh/2
1.3.3 POSITION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF
REGULAR SOLID
1.3.4 CENTROID OF COMPOSIT AREA
(a1  a2  .......  an ) x  a1 x1  a2 x2  ...... an xn
a1 x1  a2 x2  ...... an xn
x
a1  a2  .......  an

x
 ax
a

(a1  a2  .......  an ) y  a1 y1  a2 y2  ...... an yn

a1 y1  a2 y2  ...... an yn
y
a1  a2  .......  an

y
 ay
a
EXAMPLE : the center gravity of the figure below ;
Determine

Solution :
Centrodial Centrodial distance,
Components Area, a ax ay
distance, x y
Rectangle (1) 16 x 4 = 64 2 8 128 512

Rectangle (2) 8 x 4 = 32 8 2 256 64

 96 - - 384 576
Solution :

x 
 ax y 
 ay
a a
384 576
 
96 96
 4 cm  6 cm

Centrodial Centrodial
Components Area, a ax ay
distance, x distance, y
Rectangle (1) 16 x 4 = 64 2 8 128 512

Rectangle (2) 8 x 4 = 32 8 2 256 64

96 - - 384 576
Exercise
Determine the center gravity of the figure below ;

Ans : x  7.11 cm
Ans : y 12.37 cm y  3.22 cm
2.0 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

 The quantity I is known as the area moment of

inertia, or simply the moment of inertia.
 It is also called the second moment of area.
 The moment of inertia of an area about any axis is
defined as the sum of the products obtained by
multiplying each element of the area by the square
of its distance from the axis.
Second Moment of Area
 Parallel-axis Theorem (Teorem
Paksi Selari)

 This theorem states that for any area A, given the centroidal
moment of inertia I, the moment of inertia about another
parallel axis in the plane of the area and y units away is
equal to

I  I  Ah 2
 dA

C y’
x’ x’ (N.A)

y
h

x x

I x   y 2 dA
y  y' h
I x   ( y' h ) 2 dA
I x   ( y' ) 2  2 y' h  h 2 dA
I x   ( y' ) 2 dA  2h  y' dA  h 2 dA
I x  I x '  Ah 2
Example:
Calculate the second moment of inertia for figure below :
  200  300   90  260 
3 3

I N.A     2 
 12   12 
 186,360,000mm 4

 1.86 10 m
4 4
 20mm
200mm
A B

h=140mm

300mm

Teorem Paksi 20mm

Selari:
C D
A i y i (200  300)(150)  2(90  260)(150)
y 
A i (200  300)  2(90  260)
y  150mm
I x  I x '  Ah 2
bd 3
Ix   Ah 2
12
 200  3003  2
  90  2603  2

I x     ( 200 )( 300 )(150  150 )   2    (90 )( 260 )(150  150 ) 
 12  
 
 12  
I x  186, 360, 000mm 4  1.86  10 4 m 4
Example:

200mm

300mm

200mm 120mm

100mm
 
(200  300)(150)  ( 120 2 )(200)
A i y i 4
y 
A i 
(200  300)  ( 120 2 )
4
y  138.39mm

I x  I x '  Ah 2
bd 3
Ix   Ah 2
12
 200  3003      120   
4

I x   2

  (200)(300)(150  138.4)        (  120 )(200  138.4) 
2 2

 12  4
   2   4 
I x  404,979,377.3mm4  405  106 mm4  4.05 10 4 m 4
3.0 Bending stress in simple beam
 Structurally, the branch – under the load of its
mass, the fruits and leaves - experiences
certain stresses similar to those the cantilever
arm of the hoist
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
 The man (that is a load) creates a bending
moment in the plank, which causes a bending
stress in the plank as it bends
 When a beam loaded and bends
 Its longitudinal bent into curve
 Upper surface become extended (tension)
 Lower surface shortened (compression)

Before Bend After Bend

Relationship between the bending moment
and the flexure stress
Before bending, the beam:
1. is initially straight.
2. is of a uniform cross section.
3. is of homogeneous material and obeys Hooke's Law.
4. has the same modulus of elasticity in tension and compression.

In bending:
1. All loads and support reactions are co-planar and
perpendicular to the beam axis.
2. Plane cross sections remain plane.
3. The beam must not twist.
4. The elastic limit is not exceeded.
 Neutral Plane
 Plane at intermediate between the surface which
unchanges in length when beam is bent.
 The line where the plane cut the cross section of the
beam the neutral axis.

Neutral axis
Consider..

 A beam, initially straight before bending, and is

being bent by the application of moment M
 Internal moment-resist bending so that the beam is
in equilibrium
 If applied bending moment result in neutral axis
having radius r, then for the segment C’D’( Arc
length= radius x angle subtended)
C’D’ = r
 H’ y G’
Neutral axis
A’ B’

M M C’ D’

H G E’ F’
A B
Neutral Axis
C D
r
E F

  
E , 
A' B' AB A ' B'C' D'  E
   y
AB C' D '  
(r  y)  r y E r
 
r r Ey

r
Continue…
 Stress variation across beam section. (Next figure)
Stress action:
- normal to cross section of beam
- proportional to its distance from
neutral axis
THE GENERAL BENDING FORMULA

 Consider any plane in the beam with cross section as shown in the figure.
 The stress on a fibre at distance y from the N.A. is

Ey
 ,
r
dF  dA
 Ey 
dF   dA
 r 
  Total moment for the whole cross section is

dM  ydF M   dM
Ey E 2
dF  dA M   y dA
r r
 Ey  E 2
dM  y    dA  M   y dA
 r  r
Ey 2
dM  dA
r
 term ∫y2dA=I, which known as the second moment of area.

E 2
M   y dA
r
EI
M
r M  E
 
I y r
My

I
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc
m 
I
I  section moment of inertia

My
x  
I
EXAMPLE:
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple.
Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine
(a) the maximum tensile and compressive stresses,
(b) the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:

• Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the

location of the section centroid and moment of inertia.

Y 
 yA
A
 
I x   I  A d 2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum

tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
SOLUTION: Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.

Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3

1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
3
 A  3000  yA  114 10
3
 yA 114  10
Y    38 mm
 A 3000
I x    I  A h 2    121 bd 3  A h 2 
 121 90  203  1800 122   121 30  403  1200 182 
I  868 103 mm  868  10 -9 m 4
SOLUTION: (cont..)
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868  109 mm 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B     B  131.3 MPa
I 868 109 mm 4

Radius of curvature??
3.0 BENDING STRESS IN COMPOSITE
BEAM
Composite Beam:
 Consider a composite beam formed from two materials with E1 and E2.
 Examples of composite beam

Bimetallic Plastic coated

steel pipe

Wood reinforced Sandwich - plastic

with steel plate core
 1 1=E11

x

2 2=E22

Flexural stress in nonhomogeneous beam;

MyE1 MyE2
 x1   x2 
E1 I1-  E2 I 2 E2 I 2  E1 I1
Transformed-Section Method
Assume that Est > Ewd so st > wd
2 steel At interface (3),
stress in steel, (st)3 = Estst
3
stress in wood, (wd)3 = Ewd wd
Ratio of the stresses,

1 wood  st 3 Est 

 wd 3 Ewd 
(st)3 = n (wd)3

So, to transform the beam into material 1

E st E2
n 
E wd E1
Example 1
Bar is made from bonded pieces of steel (Es = 200GPa) and brass
(Eb = 100GPa). Determine the maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 4.5kN.m is applied.
SOLUTION:

• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made

entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of the transformed
section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the transformed section.
This is the correct maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the steel portion of the bar
by multiplying the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of elasticity.
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made
entirely of brass.
E s 200GPa
n   2.0
E b 100GPa
b T  18mm  2.0  36mm

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional

properties
I 1
12 bT d 3  1
12
56mm75mm3
 1.97  10 6 mm 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
 
b max   m  85.7 MPa
Mc 4.5 103 N.m 37.5 103 m     n m  2  85.7 MPa
m    85.7MPa s max
I 1.97  10 -6 m 4
 171.4MPa
4.0 SHEARING STRESS IN BEAM
SHEAR ON THE HORIZONTAL FACE OF A BEAM ELEMENT

Consider a prismatic beam

4.0 SHEARING STRESS IN BEAM
4.0 SHEARING STRESS IN BEAM
Horizontal shear per unit length, q ,
Example 1
A beam is made of three planks, 20 by 100 mm in cross section, nailed together.
Knowing that the spacing between nail is 25 mm and that the vertical shear in the beam
is V = 500 N, determine the shearing force in each nail.
Solution:
1 – Determine the horizontal force per unit length, q

2 – Since the spacing between nails is 25 mm, the shearing force in each nail is:
F=(0.025) q = (0.025)(3704) = 92.6 N
DETERMINATION OF SHEARING STRESS IN A BEAM

The average shearing stress :

t =width of element at the cut

Example 2
Beam AB is made of three planks glued together and is subjected, in its plane of
symmetry, to the loading shown. Knowing that the width of each glued joint is
20mm, determine the average shearing stress in each joint at section n-n of the
beam. The location of the centroidal moment of inertia is known to be I = 8.63 x
10-6 m4.
Solution
Solution

Shearing stress in joint a:

Solution

Shearing stress in joint b:

ASSIGNMENT
CHAPTER 3
1. A 250mm (depth) x 150mm (width) rectangular beam as subjected to
maximum bending moment of 750kNm. Determine :
(i) Maximum stress in beam; and
(ii) If the value of E for the beam material is 200 GPa, find out the r where the bending
is maximum .
2. The modulus of elasticity of the wood and steel are 10 GPa and 200
GPa, respectively. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment M=10kNm,
determine the maximum flexural stresses in the wood and steel.

10 mm

200 mm

10 mm
150 mm
Example 3.1
The modulus of elasticity of the wood and steel are 10 GPa and 200
GPa, respectively. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment M=
10kNm, determine the maximum flexural stresses in the wood and
steel.

10 mm

200 mm

10 mm
150 mm