DMK 10013 –

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF
TECHNOLOGIST AND ENGINEER
MDM AINA FATHIAH ZUHAIDI
At the end the lesson, you should be able to :

• Understand science, technology and engineering in term

of differentiation
• How the technologist and engineers interact with
scientists, mathematician and business
• Explain the importance of technology and engineering
Science, Technology & Engineering
Science, Technology & Engineering

• The label that is applied to an object or concept can be very revealing.

• For example, the word “science” comes from the Latin word scientia,
which means knowledge, and a scientist identifies what is known
about things and puts that knowledge into some kind of order.

• The word “technology” combines the Greek word ґεχνη (combined art
and skill) with the ending ~ology (the lore or the science of
something), so in its role as the science of making things, technology
stands for the actual act of making things.
– “Engineering” comes from the Latin word ingenium, meaning mental power,
or inventiveness. Engineers are technologists who are well schooled in science
and can make effective use of it through creative design processes to create
engines that transform our lives and the world we live in.
– Google – “search engine”
– Their scientific understanding makes it possible for engineers to make robust
products; mathematics makes it possible to simulate the use of the products
before mass-scale production; and manufacturing processes make it possible
to produce large volumes of the product.
scienctist technologist engineer economics Final
product
Research – Formulation, Machine Distribute, roti
flour- provide Packaging, (process) - logistic,
carbo, bentuk roti, (bowl, price,consum
nutrition facts, label, mixer,oven, er
content (flour) packaging ) –
, expired date involve of
time, flow,
temperature,
cost
• Thus, engineers must be familiar with many different scientific disciplines and be
able to use that knowledge to solve practical problems.

• They must then work with business people to market and sell these products,
thereby making the products available to the general public.

• Profits are made, providing an incentive for other companies to come up with
improved products, which in turn leads to competition and yet more innovations.
 Science

• the mathematical sciences - a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body

of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general
laws
• Plants >photosynthesis> oxygen (temp: 60 , suhu bumi :40-(-XX)
• systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through
observation and experimentation.

• any of the branches of natural or physical science

• systematized knowledge in general.

• knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study.

• a particular branch of knowledge.

• skill, especially reflecting a precise application of facts or principles proficiency.
 Technology

• In modern life, we are surrounded by technology. It's integral to everything we do, big or
small. We can find examples of technology in our homes and personal spaces, in
industry, in business, and in the medical profession.

Most people know technology when they see it, but

what exactly is technology?
• the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of
technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the
environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts,
engineering, applied science, and pure science.

• Technology is the way we apply scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It includes
machines (like computers) but also techniques and processes (like the way we produce
computer chips). It might seem like all technology is only electronic, but that's just most
modern technology. In fact, a hammer and the wheel are two examples of early human
technology.

• the application of this knowledge for practical ends.
 Technology in Everyday Life

• Let's consider some examples of how technology is integral to our daily lives.
When you get up in the morning, you probably get out of a bed. The synthetic
materials of the mattress upon which you were sleeping, and springs underneath,
are both examples of technology.

• If it's still early, you might turn on the light first. Both the light bulbs and the
electrical systems that power them are also technology. Later, when you brush
your teeth, the system that brings you water to the sink, the bathroom fan, the
toothbrush - and the toilet, for that matter - are technology.
• If you're like many millions of people, you probably turn on the computer pretty
quickly after waking. A computer is one of the most advanced pieces of
technology we've ever come up with as humans, and the processes of making the
computer's parts are all also technology.

• It would be impossible to list every single example of technology in our daily lives.
Whether it's practical (like washing machines, tumble dryers, refrigerators, cars,
flooring materials, windows, or door handles) or for leisure (like televisions, Blu-
ray players, games consoles, reclining chairs, or toys), all these things are
examples of technology.
 Engineering

• the art or science of making practical application of the knowledge of
pure sciences, as physics or chemistry, as in the construction of
engines, bridges, buildings, mines, ships, and chemical plants.
• Engineering is the application of scientific knowledge to solving problems in the real
world.
• While science (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) allows us to gain an understanding of
the World and the Universe, Engineering enables this understanding to come to life
through problem solving, designing and building things. The electronic device you are
using to read this article was engineered from raw plastic, metal, silicon and lines of
software code before being transformed into a usable device.
• The electronic device you are using to read this article was engineered from raw
plastic, metal, silicon and lines of software code before being transformed into a
usable device.
• Engineers can be distinguished from other professions by their ability to solve
complex problems and implement solutions in cost effective and practical ways.
• This ability to face a problem, work through various thoughts and abstract ideas
and then translating them into reality is what is so exciting about engineering.
Consider the Following Things Engineering Allows
You to Do:

• Sit (reasonably) comfortably in a chair while flying through the sky –

commercial airplane.
• Heat up a meal in under 5 minutes – microwave.
• Gain instant access to almost all human knowledge – Google.
• Check your Facebook profile anywhere at any time – mobile phone.
 Differentiate between science, technology &
engineering
Difference SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING

Definition knowledge scientific knowledge for application of scientific

practical purposes knowledge to solving
problems in the real
world.
Application systematic knowledge  knowledge for practical solve complex
of the physical or  ends problems and
material world gained implement solutions in
through observation cost effective and
and experimentation practical ways
Example Free fall experiment, refrigerators bridges, buildings, mine
Bernoulli , Atomic s, ships, and chemical 
model plants
How technologist and engineers interact with
scientist, mathematicians and business
people.
• The current study found a striking expansion in the impact of the
mathematical sciences on other fields, as well as an expansion in the
number of mathematical sciences subfields that are being applied to
challenges outside of the discipline. 

• Some of these links develop naturally, because so much of science and

engineering now builds on computation and simulation for which the
mathematical sciences are the natural language.

• In addition, data-collection capabilities have expanded enormously and

continue to do so, and the mathematical sciences are innately involved
in distilling knowledge from all those data. However, mechanisms to
facilitate linkages between mathematical scientists and researchers in
other disciplines must be improved.
• The impacts of mathematical science research can spread very in some
cases, because a new insight can quickly be embodied in software
without the extensive translation steps that exist between, say, basic
research in chemistry and the use of an approved pharmaceutical.

•  When mathematical sciences research produces a new way to compress

or analyze data, value financial products, process a signal from a
medical device or military system, or solve the equations behind an
engineering simulation, the benefit can be realized quickly.
• For that reason, even government agencies or industrial sectors that seem
disconnected from the mathematical sciences have a vested interest in
the maintance of a strong mathematical sciences enterprise for our
nation. And because that enterprise must be healthy in order to contribute
to the supply of well-trained individuals in science, technology,
engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields, it is clear that everyone
should care about the vitality of the mathematical sciences.
 STEM (science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics)

• In a world that’s becoming increasingly complex, where success is driven not

only by what you know, but by what you can do with what you know, it’s
more important than ever for our youth to be equipped with the knowledge
and skills to solve tough problems, gather and evaluate evidence, and make
sense of information. These are the types of skills that students learn by
studying science, technology, engineering, and math—subjects collectively
known as STEM.
 STEM is more than just an acronym for science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
STEM is a skill or a philosophy in a way. STEM is an approach and a way of thinking for educators
– and, to a certain extent, parents – to help students integrate knowledge across subjects by
incorporating flipped learning and encouraging them to think in a more logical and holistic way
in order to be equipped with 21st century skills.
• In this subtopic, we focus on a few of these technologies:.
electrification, automobiles, health technologies, and
nuclear technologies
• In addition to discussing these four areas in general
terms, we have included excerpts from the real-world
showing in detail the impact of a few of the contributions.
• These examples show that the technologies by
themselves are neutral; people can use them to benefit or
to harm humanity.
• The examples from the real-world connections show that
in addition to the technical challenges they face,
engineers also need to be concerned about ethical issues
when designing and creating new machinery and must be
able to communicate their concerns to their management
and to the public when appropriate.
Electrification
• The first commercial power plant was inaugurated in 1882 by
Thomas Edison, leading to massive changes in U.S. society.
• This opened the door for many more world changing innovations,
such as plans for electrifying the rural regions of the globe, the
introduction of steam turbines, nuclear power, emission control,
and plans to efficiently transmit and distribute power, all of which
took place during the 20th century.
• The last hundred years have shown that the supply of reliable,
affordable electricity is an essential prerequisite to our economic
and social progress. Engineers work together to design and build
power plants that provide electricity to homes and businesses.
• For example, electrical engineers design the generators that
produce power and devise networks to transmit power, mechanical
engineers design the boilers that burn coal and the steam turbines
that drive the generators, chemical engineers design the nuclear
reactors that drive generators, and civil engineers design the
foundations and buildings that house the machinery used in a
power plant.

• The challenges for the future stem from the fact that about two
billion people worldwide still live without access to electric power.
The need for an inexpensive means of generating electric power
and transmitting it with minimal loss is a critical one. If
electrification’s next century is to be as successful as its last, we
need young men and women to pursue careers in engineering and
science.
Health Technologies
• Another area where engineering has had a major impact is in health
technologies.
• In 1900, the average life expectancy in the US was 47 years; by 2000
it was nearing 77 years. This remarkable increase has been the result
of a number of factors, including the creation of a safe water supply
and a better understanding of the importance of hygiene.
• As the century progressed, improvements in imaging techniques
wrought by the development of new systems – from x-ray machines
to MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners – have enabled
doctors to diagnose illnesses more accurately by providing a more
exact view of the body.
• First-generation biomaterials – polymers, metals and
acrylic fibers among others – have been used for almost
everything from artificial heart valves and eye lenses to
replacement hip, knee, elbow, and shoulder joints.
• Engineering has had a major impact in the operating
room, developing devices such as the operating
microscope, fiber-optic endoscope, and the laparoscope.
• These devices allow doctors to see and work inside the
body without the need to surgically create large access
openings, thus speeding healing time and lessening
complications.
• Health care technology and bioengineering are
interdisciplinary subjects. They require ideas, people, and
knowledge from all the physical sciences, all the natural
sciences, all the medical sciences, all engineering
disciplines, and all the photonic sciences.

• This diverse group of practitioners, converging under the

umbrella of bioengineering, will shape the future, leading
us to the greatest engineering achievements of the 21st
century.
Major technology and engineering
achievements of the 20th century
 Catalytic Technologies
• Catalyst is the number 1 value generator in the chemical industry.
• More than 80% of all chemical products are manufactured by means of catalytic processes.
• Example :
MONCAT™ products are silica supported nickel catalysts manufactured by a particular
Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) technology and subsequent embedding in a solid fat by a droplet
technology.
They are free of water, easy to handle and feature excellent conversion rates combined with
high yields towards the targeted products.
Sold as hydrogenation catalysts for oils and fats (OFCs) in every major vegetable oil producing
and/or processing country in the world, they are used successfully in the manufacture of
soaps, oleo chemicals, vanaspati ghee, margarine, stearic acid, hydrogenated castor oil, and
others.
 Enzyme Technology to Tailor fat Functionality
• Sime Darby always aiming for new formulations based on healthier
vegetable oils and fats that have the right nutritional balance and
simultaneously provide the desired taste and texture of foods.
• Sime Darby Plantation uses modern enzyme technology to tailor
functional properties of vegetables oils.
• This technology is mainly used to manufacture high quality hardstocks
for application in consumer spreads and bakery margerines.
• The enzyme technology is greener as it uses less energy, does not use
chemicals and elimiinates waste water.
 Green Technology - biofuel
• Home-produced palm biofuel technologies, including winter grade biodiesel
have succesfully been commercialized after years of research and
development (R&D) in palm oil biodiesel.
• During the period of 2000-2005, Malaysia energy consumption growth rate
and sustainability issues, the government encouraged all the initiatives
toward the development of green technology and renewable alternatives like
hydro, biomass and solar energy.
• In August 2015, Malaysia’s National Biofuel policy was launched by the
government to reduce the country’s fuel import dependence and further
promote the demand for palm oil.
• Nowdays, Malaysia has succeeded to issue about 91 biofuel production
licenses with installed production capacity of 10.2 million tonnes.
The importance of technological and engineering
innovation in the 21st century and beyond
• A good number of technologies now coming into use will take years or even decades to reach the
point significant consequence for society.

• On the other hand, the history of technology in the industrial era tells us that it is usually fifteen to
forty years from the time of a fundamental scientific discovery to its effective application in society.

• Attending to what is now emerging and also looking at the fundamental developments in science can
provide insights into technology’s future
 The role of visions in technology development

❖ Visions describe ideas about future technologies shared by communities of individuals,

institutions, and organisations involved in the research and development process (Dierkes,
Hoffmann and Marz, 1996).

❖ They take the common understanding of the ideas’ desirability and feasibility and project them
into the not-too-distant future. These visions therefore become flexible and dynamic goals that
exert great influence on the direction of innovation processes.
 Technology and the future

• To achieve the positive potential of new technologies, we need to faced with the
challenge of finding an optimal matching between the technological system and the
surrounding social and institutional system.

• Scenarios are tools that help to explore alternative future technology.

 Scenario

Features of Conventional wisdom Features of market scenario

• The world to strengthen the economic • Strongly emphasize the more extant proposals
between the country for the application of perfect market
• Service sector which traditionally operated in
overregulated and overprotected national
market
Features of the society scenario
• Strongly emphasize the more extant proposals
for social control technology
WORLDWIDE TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATION AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• From many perspectives, global involvement and active use of science and technology policies to
achieve environmental goals

• In contrast with that earlier notion, the new ‘‘mission-oriented’’ environmental projects will need to
combine procurement with many other policies in order to have pervasive effects on the entire
structure of production and consumption within the economy.

• Hence, the pervasive character of new projects to meet environmental goals calls for a more systemic
approach to policy should constitute the focus and priority for technology policy.
 Industry expectations of technologist and
engineers

 Employers are discovering that their workforce requires certain skills which seem to be in short
supply.

 Rapid technological change, participative management and employee empowerment, global

competition, and other workplace innovations have created a demand for a higher skill level for
engineering graduates.

 Identifying industry expectations for engineering graduates are an important step in developing
university curricula which are responsive to the needs of the profession.
 Industry expectations of technologist and
engineers

 The present study identifies specific industry expectations for new engineering and technology
graduates and provides practical recommendations for strategically aligning engineering
curricula with the professional community.

 By identifying specific skills requisite for career success, universities can provide an improved
service for their graduates and the engineering industry.
 Industry expectations of technologist and
engineers
Industry requires job ready graduates. It has been found that

(a) the employability of technical graduates is low,

(b) the requirements of skill set vary from sector to sector,

(c) technical knowledge and skills are considered to be important but soft skills (communication
skills, self discipline, team work, willingness to learn, flexibility, creativity etc.) are considered to
be more important for employability,

(d) technical graduates lack higher order cognitive skills such as ability to analyze, logical
reasoning, ability to evaluate and create, and ability to solve problems,
 Industry expectations of technologist and
engineers
(e) knowledge of computers and mathematics are essential for an engineer to succeed,

(f) teaching-learning processes must focus on higher order thinking skills, problem solving and
creativity and evaluation processes must change accordingly.

Technical education needs total revamping and changes need to be introduced in the various sub-
components of the system.

Source : Expectations of Industry from Technical Graduates: Implications for Curriculum and
Instructional Processes Article  in  Journal of Engineering Education Transformations · February
2015
 Attributes expected of technologist and
engineers in the 21st century

Dynamism, agility, resilience and

flexibility Knowledge

Communication Practical skills

Attributes of
Attributes of Practical ingenuity Social skills and responsibilities technologist
Values, attitudes and
and engineers
technologist Strong analytical skills
professionalism provide in
and Creativity Diploma in
Communication , leadership &
teamwork skills
Chemical
engineers Business and managemnet Technology
2020 in Problem-solving & scientific skills (Fat and Oil)
leadership
industry Information management and
High ethical standards and lifelong learning skills
professionalism
Managerial & entrepreneural skills
Lifelong learners
Career of technologist and engineers locally
and globally
Career of technologist and engineers locally
and globally
Career of technologist and engineers locally
and globally
• Describe various careers of technologists and engineers locally and globally
Professional societies or bodies related to
technology and engineering disciplines
 The Role of Professional Societies
• Many professional, or disciplinary, societies were founded to support the single disciplines for
which they are named and these societies, like many other organizations, have been increasingly
called on to expand their relationships to new fields of research.
• In addition, a new breed of professional society has arisen, mostly after World War II, that is
primarily interdisciplinary. Among the many interdisciplinary societies are the IEEE Computer
Society (1946), the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (1952), the Biophysics Society
(1956), the Biomedical Engineering Society (1968), and the Materials Research Society (1973) .
• The mission of the professional societies is primarily educational and informational. Their
influence flows from their continuing and highly visible functions: to publish professional journals,
to develop professional excellence, to raise public awareness, and to make awards. Through their
work, they help to define and set standards for their professional fields and to promote high
standards of quality through awards and other forms of recognition
Technologist
• Malaysia Board of Technologists (MBOT) is a professional body that gives Professional
Recognition to Technologists and Technicians in related technology and technical fields.
Based on Act 768, MBOT expands its function vertically and horizontally whereby MBOT
looks at technology-based profession that cuts across discipline based from conceptual
design to a realized technology and covers from Technicians (with SKM/Diploma Level) up
to Technologists (Bachelor’s Degree level and above). As a whole, these professionals
(Technologists and Technicians) have integrated roles from concept to reality.
 Function MBOT
• Based on Act 768, MBOT expands its function vertically and horizontally whereby MBOT looks at
technology based profession that cuts across discipline based from conceptual design to a realized
technology and covers from Technicians (with SKM/Diploma Level) up to Technologists (Bachelor
Degree level and above). As a whole, these professionals (Technologists and Technicians) have
integrated roles from concept to reality.

Section 5 (Act 768) stipulates MBOT to perform the following functions:

• To recognize and register Technologists and Technicians as Professionals based on technology and
technical fields;
• To provide facilities for the promotion of education and training and to hold or cause to be held,
professional development programmes for registered persons to further enhance their knowledge
relating to their professions;
• To conduct assessments or to cause assessments to be conducted by an institution approved by the
Board for the purpose of admission to the profession;
• To determine and regulate the conduct and ethics of the technologists and technician profession; and
• Generally, to carry out all such acts and do all such things as may appear to the Board necessary to
carry out the provisions of this Act.
Engineers
• The Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) is a statutory body constituted under the Registration
of Engineers Act 1967 with perpetual succession and a common seal, which may sue and be
sued. It was formed in 23rd August 1972. BEM primary role is to facilitate the registration of
Engineers, Engineering Technologists, Inspectors of Works, Sole Proprietorships,
Partnerships and Bodies Corporate providing professional engineering services and; to
regulate the professional conduct and practice of registered person in order to safeguard the
safety and interest of the public.
 Examples

• MySET aims to provide a powerful platform for

its members to network and enhance their
professionalism and ethical conduct, while
nurturing them into leading professionals and
The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM)  captains of the industry. Acknowledging that
• its primary function is to promote and advance the world today is largely interdisciplinary,
the science and profession of engineering in MySET welcomes the participation and
any or all of its disciplines and to facilitate the interaction of engineers, technologists,
exchange of information and ideas related to architects, quantity surveyors and other
engineering. engineering & technology professionals.
Analyzing case studies to held students meet
the new skill expectation & career pathway
How to choose a career path

Your career path should account for your goals, future plans and personality. Considering these factors
can help you choose the right starting position and make strategic decisions over time.

Follow these steps as you prepare a career path:

i. Outline your career goals

ii. Create a five- and 10-year plan
iii. Discover your personality type
iv. Review your previous experience
v. Compare job requirements to your education
vi. Assess your current skill set
vii. Take note of your interests
viii. Identify your core values
ix. Consider your salary needs
Analyzing case studies to held students meet
the new skill expectation & career pathway
Assess your current skill set

Make a list of your current skills, certifications and areas of expertise. You can also ask coworkers and
colleagues for feedback about your technical, interpersonal and people management skills. This
evaluation can help you find careers that match your experience.
Analyzing case studies to held students meet
the new skill expectation & career pathway
Example career paths

Here are a few examples of possible career paths in various industries:

Education: teacher → curriculum coordinator → assistant principal → principal

Retail: sales associate → cashier → assistant manager → store manager → regional manager

Restaurant: dishwasher → prep cook → line cook → sous chef → chef de cuisine → executive chef

Editorial: intern → editorial assistant → assistant editor → editor → senior editor → executive editor →
editor in chief

Human resources: HR assistant → HR specialist → assistant director of HR → director of HR

Marketing: public relations assistant → public relations representative → assistant director of PR →

director of communications
 Assignment

Analyzing case studies to held students meet the new skill

expectation & career pathway

Follow these steps as you prepare a career path:

 Outline your career goals

 Create a five- and 10-year plan
 Discover your personality type
 Review your previous experience
 Compare job requirements to your education
 Assess your current skill set
 Take note of your interests
 Identify your core values
 Consider your salary needs
 Reference