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Electrical Loads in Ac System

1) In AC systems, voltage and current can be sinusoidal waves or non-sinusoidal distorted waves. 2) Linear loads draw current that is in phase with voltage, while reactive loads cause phase differences. 3) Resistive loads have unity power factor, while inductive and capacitive loads store and return energy, resulting in zero average power.

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24 views

Electrical Loads in Ac System

1) In AC systems, voltage and current can be sinusoidal waves or non-sinusoidal distorted waves. 2) Linear loads draw current that is in phase with voltage, while reactive loads cause phase differences. 3) Resistive loads have unity power factor, while inductive and capacitive loads store and return energy, resulting in zero average power.

Uploaded by

The Thinker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICAL LOADS IN

AC SYSTEM
Belly Yan Dewantara, ST., MT.
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Marine Science
Hang Tuah University Surabaya
Introduction
• In AC system, the supply
voltage is sinusoidal
waveform.
• v = Vpsin where 
 v = instantaneous voltage
in volts 
 Vp = the maximum, or peak,
voltage in volts 
  = the angular
displacement in degrees or
radians

Dr. M. Ashari - ITS


Voltage in AC System
 RMS voltage is the amount
of dc voltage that is required
for producing the same Vp
amount of power as the ac
waveform.  Unit: Volts (V) 
Symbol: Vrms 
 The RMS voltage of a
sinusoidal waveform is equal
to 0.707 times its peak
value. 
T
1

2
Vrms  v (t )dt
T 0

 Vrms = 0.707Vp
Dr. M. Ashari - ITS
Current in AC System
• A leading waveform is one
V I
that is ahead of a reference
waveform of the same
frequency. This is for a
capacitor Load.
• Voltage is always the
reference
 • The symbol for the phase
different is 
V I
• A lagging waveform is one
that is behind a reference
waveform of the same
frequency.  This is for an
 inductor load.
Dr. M. Ashari - ITS
Power and Loads in AC System
• Power:
• Apparent Power (VA) S = V*I
• Real Power (Watt) P = V*I*Cos 
• Reactive Power (Var) Q = V*I*Sin 
• Power factor = cos 

• S = (P2 + Q2)½

• There are two types of electrical loads:


• Linear Loads
• Non Linear Loads
Linear Loads
• Linear Loads are loads where
the current is identical to the
applied voltage sinusoidal
waveform.  

• The voltage and current


resemble one another.

• Passive components such as:


resistor, inductor and capacitor
are also the linear loads.

• Examples: bulb lamp, heater,


iron etc.

Dr. M. Ashari - ITS


Non Linear Loads
• Non-Linear Loads - are loads
where the current waveform
does not resemble the applied
voltage sinewave.
• Examples:
• Power electronic equipment
such as: adjustable speed
drive, variable power factor
compensator, rectifier etc.
• Electronic equipment: fax,
radio, TV, computer etc.

Dr. M. Ashari - ITS


Linear vs Non Linear Loads
• Both voltage and current are • The voltage is sine wave
sinusoidal waveform • The current is non sine wave
• Do not present any problems • Inject current in high frequency
associated with overheating of • Cause distortion of the voltage
conductors, transformers and supply
equipment
• Associated with overheating of
• Do not cause any distortion of
transformers, motors
the voltage supply.
• Cause overcurrent on neutrals
and microprocessor control
problems.
Resistive Load
• In a purely resistive load, the
current and voltage
waveforms are shown in
phase.

• Resistive load absorbs real


power (Watt) only.

• The power factor is unity


(pf=1.0)

v(t )  A sin t
A sin(t )
i (t ) 
R
Dr. M. Ashari - ITS
Capacitive Load
• In a purely capacitive circuit, the amount of
power absorbed by the dielectric field is
exactly equal to the amount of power
returned to the circuit when the field
collapses.
• The average power dissipation in a purely
capacitive circuit is zero. 
• The capacitor absorbs power for one-
quarter of the applied AC cycle and returns
it to the circuit during the next quarter cycle

1
v(t )  A sin t XC 
j C
A sin(t   ) 1
i (t )    tan 1
1 CR
Dr. M. Ashari - ITS C
Inductive Load
• In a purely inductive circuit, the amount
of power absorbed by building up the
inductor's magnet field is exactly equal
to the amount of power returned to the
circuit when the field collapses.   The
average power dissipation in a purely
inductive circuit is zero. 
• The inductor absorbs power for one-
quarter of the applied AC cycle and
returns it to the circuit during the next
quarter cycle.

v(t )  A sin t X L  jL

A sin(t   ) L
i (t )    tan 1
Dr. M. Ashari - ITS L R
Non Linear Load
• Resulting in a non Sinusoidal
current waveform (distorted
waveform)
• The distorted current waveform is
made up of the fundamental
sinewave or 1st order 50 hertz
current and multiple frequency
currents such as the 3rd (150
hertz), 5th order (250hertz)
current sinewaves which all add
to make up the distorted current
waveform.  
• The multiples of the 1st order
fundamental 50 hertz sinewave
are referred to as the harmonic
current or voltage sinewaves

Dr. M. Ashari - ITS

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