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Mathematics: Title: Straight Line

This document discusses different standard forms for representing the equation of a straight line, including: 1) Two-Point Form: Defines the line passing through two given points. 2) Point-Slope Form: Defines the line passing through a given point with a given slope. 3) Slope-Intercept Form: Defines the line with a given slope that intercepts the y-axis at a given value. 4) Intercept Form: Defines the line passing through the x and y-axis intercepts. 5) Normal Form: Defines the line perpendicular to another line passing through the origin. All forms can be reduced to the general form of Ax + By + C = 0, from

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60 views21 pages

Mathematics: Title: Straight Line

This document discusses different standard forms for representing the equation of a straight line, including: 1) Two-Point Form: Defines the line passing through two given points. 2) Point-Slope Form: Defines the line passing through a given point with a given slope. 3) Slope-Intercept Form: Defines the line with a given slope that intercepts the y-axis at a given value. 4) Intercept Form: Defines the line passing through the x and y-axis intercepts. 5) Normal Form: Defines the line perpendicular to another line passing through the origin. All forms can be reduced to the general form of Ax + By + C = 0, from

Uploaded by

gmayank1994
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics

Title: Straight Line


y

x O

Slope
y Given a straight line which passes through the points A and B, then x

B x2 , y 2

Slope of AB = m =

y2 y1 x x2 x1 Ax1, y1

x O

The slope of a line is also given by: Tan, where is the acute angle between the line and the x axis

Angle between two lines


Given two straight lines AB and PQ Let slope of AB be m1 and slope of PQ be m2 and angle between them , then : xP y x

Tan =

m2 m1
1 + m1m2

x O

Standard Forms of A Straight Line

A. Two-Point Form
B. Point-Slope Form

C. Slope-Intercept Form
D. Intercept Form

E. Normal Form

Two-Point Form
y Given a straight line which passes through the points A and B, then Slope of AB =

B x2 , y 2
x x

y2 y1 x2 x1

P x, y

If P(x, y) is any point on the line AB, then Slope of PA =

Ax1 , y1
O
x

y y1 x x1

Since PA and AB are parts of the same straight line, then

Slope of PA = Slope of AB

y2 y1 y y1 i.e. = x2 x1 x x1
This equation is known as the Two-Point Form of the straight line.

Example 1 (Two-Point Form)


Find the equation of the straight line. The required equation: y B(5, 6) x x

y3 6 3 x 1 5 1
4(y 3) = 3(x 1)

P x, y

x A(1, 3)
x

i.e. 3x 4y + 9 = 0

Point-Slope Form
y Given a straight line which passes through the point A and has m as its slope. If P(x, y) is any point on the line , then Slope of PA =

Slope = m

P x, y

y y1 x x1

Ax1 , y1
O
x

Since slope of PA equals to the slope of the straight line, then

i.e.

y y1 m x x1

y y1 = m x x1

This equation is known as the Point-Slope Form of the straight line.

Example 2 (Point-Slope Form)


Find the equation of the straight line. The required equation: y

Slope = 2

x P(x, y)

y 3 = 2(x 1)

i.e. 2x y + 1 = 0
O

x A(1, 3)
x

Slope-Intercept Form
Given a straight line which cuts the y-axis at A and with slope m . (Note: c is called the y-intercept of the straight line.) A(0, c) y x P(x, y)

x c x

If P is any point on the line, then

Slope of PA =

y c x0

Slope = m

Since slope of PA is equal to the slope of the line, then by Point-Slope Form

(y - c) = m(x 0)

i.e.

y = mx + c

This equation is known as the Slope-Intercept Form of the straight line.

Example 3 (Slope-Intercept Form)


Find the equation of the straight line. The required equation: y P(x, y) x

y = 2x + 4

A(0, 4) x x O Slope = 2

i.e. 2x y + 4 = 0

Intercept Form
Given a straight line which cuts the x-axis at A and y-axis at B. (Note: a is called the x-intercept of the straight line.) b0 Slope of AB = 0a = y

x B(0, b) b xP(x, y) A(a, 0) x x a

b a

If P is any point on the line, then

y0 Slope of PA = xa

Since the slope of PA equals to the slope of AB, then

y0 b = a xa
bx + ay = ab

Dividing both sides by ab, we have

x y 1 a b

This equation is known as the Intercept Form of the straight line.

Example 4 (Intercept Form)


Find the equation of the straight line. The required equation: y

x y 1 7 5

x B(0, 5) x P(x, y) A(7, 0) x x

5x + 7y = 35

i.e. 5x + 7y 35 = 0

Normal Form
Given a straight line AB y and perpendicular PQ which starts at the origin and meets AB at Q. If, is the angle between A PQ and the x axis, then : x xQ

xcos + ysin = p
O

General Form
It should be noted that all the different standard forms of the equation of a straight line can be reduced to the form

Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B and C are constants with A and B not zero.

This equation is known as the General Form of a straight line.

Given Ax + By + C = 0 is the equation of a straight line, then :

-A B -C A -C B

x intercept = y intercept =

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