Mrs.

Holley
Physical Science Work
during Conferences
April 1 -10, 2019
Physical Science 4/1/2019
Unit 8: Warm-up #6 Game Plan:
1. You are pushing a box with 750 Newtons of force. The force
of friction is 50 Newtons. What is the net force on the box? 1. Warm-up / questions
2. A student pushes on a crate with 15 Newtons of force directed 2. Study Guide
to the left. What force does the crate exert on the student? 3. Organize Notebook
3. (Momentum = mass x velocity) Which has more momentum?
a. 700 kg vehicle moving at 2 m/s
b. 70 kg person sprinting at 15 m/s.

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To: Organize Unit 8 Notebook
Understand Newton’s Laws,
F= ma Test is Tomorrow 4/2
Forces and Momentum
2
 Unit 8 Test is Tomorrow
1) HW questions?
2) Study guide – go over answers when complete,
make sure EVERY page in packet is complete
3) Organize Notebook:
–staple it TODAY,
–study it tonight,
–turn it in tomorrow before the test
Physical Science 4/2/2019
Announcements & Turn In: Game Plan:
Turn in Unit 8 Notebook! ● Turn in ntbk, grab chromebook, journal
Unit Eight: Motion and Force ●
& textbook.
You need: Calculator, 2 sheets notebook
paper
● Journal Reflection and Unit 9 Outlines

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To: Reference sheet (formulas)
Understand Newton’s Laws of should be in a page protector
Motion
Unit 9 Outlines
4
•Log into powerschools
•Schoolnet
•Pass code   
HA4SU7XU

• Unit 9 Reflection pg 29 in journal

What did you like the most about this unit?
Tell me about 3 questions that you missed on the test.

•Do the Unit 9 outlines. They are due tomorrow

•Block 2 will take the student survey after the test.
Physical Science 4/3/2019
Unit 9: Warm-up #1 Game Plan:
1) In what unit is work measured? 1. Outlines – make sure they are turned in
2) In what unit is power measured? 2. Warm up / Questions
3) If you stand holding a book, are you doing any 3. Introduction to Work and Power notes
work? Explain your answer. 4. U9 Packet and Practice

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students will understand energy, types of WORK AND POWER QUIZ tomorrow!
energy, and energy transfer.
• Students will determine relationships among force, Mrs. Holley will be at school tomorrow to
mass, and motion. answer questions before the quiz
• Calculate amounts of work, power and mechanical
advantage using simple machines. * unless otherwise noted.
 Work
Work depends on the direction of the force
and the direction of movement.
W = Fd
Work = Force X distance
(Nm) = (N) x (m)
 Is work being done?
-Pushing a wall
NO work because distance = 0
-Lifting a book
YES work is being done because w = Fd
-Standing with a book
NO work because distance = 0
-Sitting with paper out on your desk.
No
-Moving your pencil across your paper to write
Yes
 Work
■ Work is measured in joules (J)This is a N.m

■ Practice:
■ How much work is required to lift a 10N box
10m?
■ W = Fd
■ W (10N)( 10m) = 100Nm → 100J
 Work
■ How much work is done by a crane that raises
1000N of material a distance of 150 meters?

W = Fd
W = (1000N ) ( 150m )
W = 150,000 Nm → J
 Power
■ Power- amount of work in a certain amount of time

P = W = Fd
t t

Units for power = Joule = J = watt (w)

Second S
 Power
■ Practice: You exert a vertical force of 72 newtons to lift a box to a
height of 1.0 meter in a time of 2.0 seconds. How much power is
used to lift the box?

■ Power = Work = Force x Distance

Time Time

Power = 72 N x 1.0 m = 36 J/s = 36 W

2.0 s
■ Practice!

■ Passout the New Packet for Unit 9 now

■ Work and Power Calculations (page 1)!

■ Complete both sides

Physical Science 4/3/2019
Unit Nine WARM-UP # 2 Game Plan:
1) In what unit is work measured? 1. Warmup / Questions / Conference news
2) If you stand with a book is work being done? Why? 2. Questions on Work/Power problems?
3) How much work is done when a 50N force is applied to pull a 3. Power Lab
cart for 30 meters?
4. Quiz
4) A force of 8 N is used to lift a box 0.75 meters above a
floor. What amount of work was done to lift the box? 5. Simple Machines Equations

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To: COMET time today to get help!
• Students will determine relationships among force,
mass, and motion.
• Calculate amounts of work, power and mechanical
advantage using simple machines.
 Unit Nine WARM-UP # 2
■ 1)In what unit is work measured?

■ 2) If you stand with a book is work being done? Why?

3) How much work is done when a 50N force is applied to pull a

cart for 30 meters?

4) A force of 8 N is used to lift a box 0.75 meters above a

floor. What amount of work was done to lift the box?
 Practice
■ A horse performs 15,000 J of work pulling a wagon for 20
seconds. What is the horse’s power in watts? Convert the power
into horsepower (1 hp = 746 W)

■ P = W/t = 15000J/20s = 750 J/s → 750W

■ Convert to horsepower

■ 750 W x 1hp/746 W → 1.01 hp

 Power Lab
You will need your mass:
1. measure mass in Kg using my science scale
OR
2. convert your weight in pounds by dividing
your weight in pounds by 2.2 =

Glue lab in Journal pg

■ Make sure your Journal is up to date
with all assignments.

■ Quiz!

■ Add equations to reference sheet

How do machines make work easier?
W=Fd
■ 1. Machines increase Force (total distance traveled is greater)
■ 2. Machines increase distance (a greater force is required)
■ 3. Changes direction
 Simple Machine Equations
■ IMA

■ AMA

■ Efficiency
Physical Science 4/5/2019
Warm-Up Unit 9, #3 Game Plan:
1. A forklift lifts 5 boxes from the ground to a height of 2 meters
(m). The boxes push down with a force of 1000 newtons (N).
1. Warmup / Questions
How much work was done by the forklift to lift the boxes? 2. Work & Power
A. 200 J B. 500 J C. 2000 J D. 10,000 J
3. Simple Machines notes
2. A force of 12 N is used to lift a box 0.5 meters above a floor.
What amount of work was done to lift the box?
4. Problems
A. 6.0 N/m B. 11.5 N C. 12.5 N D. 24.0 N/m

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To: Simple Machines Foldable
• Students will determine relationships among force,
mass, and motion.
• Calculate amounts of work and mechanical
advantage using simple machines.
How do work, power & simple machines relate to each
other?
 Warm-Up Unit 9, #3

1. A forklift lifts 5 boxes from the ground to a height of 2

meters (m). The boxes push down with a force of 1000
newtons (N). How much work was done by the forklift to lift
the boxes?
A. 200 J C. 2000 J
B. 500 J D. 10,000 J

2. A force of 12 N is used to lift a box 0.5 meters above a

floor. What amount of work was done to lift the box?
A. 6.0 N/m C. 12.5 N
B. 11.5 N D. 24.0 N/m
 Work and Power Quiz Review
W = Fd Work = Force x distance
W = mad Work = Mass x 9.8 m/s/s x distance
Check units always!! use 9.8 m/s/s only when you have the
mass (kg)of the object and not the weight (N) and
words like lifts, raises

P=W/t Power= Work/ time

P = Fd / t Power = Force x distance/ time

You may use your reference sheet (page protector)

How do machines make work easier?
W=Fd
■ 1. Machines increase Force
■ 2. Machines increase distance
■ 3. Machines change the direction
 Simple Machines Foldable
■ Use the Rubric (last page of the packet)
■ Use your textbook… Chapter 14

■ The following slides are helpful, but not

necessary to use to do the foldable.

■ Tear off Rubric and staple it to your

foldable. Turn in foldable on Monday.

 A. Lever
a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point, or
fulcrum

Effort
Resistance (input) arm
(output) You apply
Arm your force
Work is Engraving from Mechanics Magazine, London, 1824
Fulcrum
done here.
 First Class Lever
■ the fulcrum is in the middle
■ changes direction of force
■ Ex: hammer(if using to pull a nail out), seesaw
 Second Class Lever
■ The output (resistance) is in the middle
■ always increases force
■ Ex: wheelbarrow,nutcracker
 Third Class Lever
■ Input (effort) force is in the middle
■ always increases distance
■ Ex: tweezers, baseball bat,
■ hammer (hitting nail)
 Think FOIL
■ Fulcrum in middle = 1st class lever
■ Output (resistance) in middle = 2nd class lever
■ Input (effort) in middle = 3rd class lever
■ LEVERS
 B. Pulley

■ grooved wheel with a rope or chain running

along the groove
■ a “flexible first-class lever”
F
Le
Lr
 B. Pulley
■ Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)
■ equal to the number of rope segments if pulling up
■ Equal to one less than the number of rope segments
minus 1 if pulling down.

IMA = 0 IMA = 1 IMA = 2

 B. Pulley
■ Fixed Pulley
IMA = 1
does not increase force
does change the direction
of force
 B. Pulley
■ Movable Pulley
■ Block & Tackle
IMA = 2 combination of fixed & movable
increases force pulleys
doesn’t change direction increases force (IMA = 4)
may or may not change direction
 C. Inclined Plane
■ sloping surface used to raise objects
■ Ramps, mountain roads
■ Screw
■ inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a
cylinder

h
l
 D. Wedge
a moving inclined plane with 1 or 2 sloping
sides
 D. Wedge
■ Zipper
■ 2 lower wedges push teeth together
■ 1 upper wedge pushes teeth apart
D. Wedges
 E. Wheel and Axle
■ two wheels of different sizes that rotate together
■ a pair of “rotating levers”
■ effort force is applied to Wheel
wheel
■ axle moves less distance
but with greater force

Axle
 Mechanical Advantage
■ What do you think mechanical advantage is???
■ Literally- it’s the number of times that the
machine increases an input forces.

■ Why can you crack a nut with a nutcracker, but

not your hand? Example
■ The nutcracker puts SEVEN times MORE force
down on the shell!
 Practice in your packet
■ Simple machines #1-10
■ Identify the name of the simple machine

■ Types of levers #1-8

■ 1st 2nd or 3rd class?
Science Max
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1nEUFYseII

Bill Nye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOxc3Bmr60A
 Work and Machines
■ What is a machine?
■ “A device that changes force”
■ Ex. Car jack- changes force and allows
you to lift the car
■ Machines change the size of a force, the
direction of a force or the distance over
which a force acts.
 Back to the Jack!!
■ Ever change a tire?
■ Each time you turn the handle you apply a small force
over a large distance (think how long the handle is)
■ SO….How to lift your car using a car jack.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJpx2cy6kAg
■ The jack (machine) change the force so that a small
force exerted over a large distance becomes a large
force (enough to lift the car) exerted over a short
distance.
 Work Input and Work Output
■ ROW BOATS!
■ How do they work…yes, you row

■ YOU perform work on the oars

■ THE OARS perform work on the water-this

moves the boat!

To row a boat...The oars are the MACHINE
 Work
■ The force YOU exert on a machine is
called the INPUT FORCE.

■ The force that is exerted by a machine is

called the OUTPUT FORCE.
 Two types of Mechanical
Advantage
Actual mechanical advantage and Ideal mechanical advantage

Actual Mechanical Advantage = Output Force

Input Force
Ex. Loading ramps for trucks, a long inclined ramp decreases
the input force needed to lift a heavy object
Loading Ramps and Friction
 Mechanical Advantage
Eureka What is mechanical advantage?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
huZw8Dq3JU

51
 Ideal Mechanical Advantage
■ Think, if any machine were frictionless
then its mechanical advantage would be
the maximum possible value!

■ Ideal mechanical advantage calculates the

mechanical advantage in the absence of
friction
 IMA
■ Due to friction, the AMA is ALWAYS less than the IMA

■ Friction reduces mechanical advantage, engineers often

design machines that use low friction material and
lubricants

■ Ex. Car engines, ramps, etc

 Calculating IMA
■ Ideal Mechanical Advantage = Input distance
Output distance
 Practice Calculating IMA
A woman drives her car up on to the wheel ramps to perform
some repairs. If she drives a distance of 1.8m along the
ramp to raise the car 0.3m, what is the IMA of the wheel
ramps?

■ Input = 1.8m Input Distance = IMA

■ Output = 0.3m Output distance
■ Divide = 1.8 /0.3 = 6
■ No units!
 Practice
A student working in a grocery store after school
pushes several grocery carts together along a
ramp. The ramp is 3m long and rises to 0.5m.
What is the IMA of the ramp?

Input distance/ output distance = IMA

Answer = 6
 Practice
A construction worker moves a crowbar
through a distance of 0.50m to lift a load
0.05m off of the ground. What is the IMA
of the crowbar?

■ Answer = 10
 Practice
■ The IMA of a simple machine is 2.5. If the output
distance of the machine is 1.0m, what is the input
distance?

■ Answer 2.5 m

■ Let’s look at a pulley problem!

■ Can you calculate both AMA and IMA???
 Short cut for finding M.A. of Pulleys
■ Mechanical Advantage of pulleys is very easy
■ Count the number of rope segments visible
■ If rope is pulling down subtract 1
■ If rope is pulling up do nothing

■ Example:
■ 5 rope segments
■ Pulling down so subtract 1
■ Mechanical Advantage = 5-1= 4
■ Pulley A
■ 2 rope segments
■ Subtract 1 b/c pulling down
■ MA = 2-1=1
■ Pulley B
■ 2 rope segments
■ Pulling up do nothing
■ MA=2
Pulley Pulley
A B
 Efficiency
■ What is efficiency?

■ The % of work input that becomes work

output is the EFFICIENCY of a machine!

■ **DUE TO FRICTION, NO MACHINE WILL

EVER BE 100% EFFICIENT!
 Efficiency
■ Efficiency = Work output X 100%
Work input

Efficiency is expressed as a percentage.

 Practice with Efficiency!
■ You have just designed a machine that uses 1000 J of
work from a motor for every 800 J of useful work that
machine supplies. What is the efficiency of your
machine?

■ Work output = 800 J

■ Work input = 1000 J
■ Efficiency = 80%
 Practice with Efficiency!
■ You have just designed a machine that uses moves a
200 N box 3 meters. It requires 25 N of force over 25
m. What is the efficiency of your machine?
Physical Science 4/8/2019
Unit Nine Warmup #4 Game Plan:
1. Which of the following is not a simple machine?
a. Wedge b. Screw c. Handle d. Lever
1. Warmup / Questions
2. Review and Practice – page 2 in packet
2. What is the Mechanical Advantage of the pulley shown?
3. Turn in foldable (rubric stapled)
3. What do you think the power of a machine measures?
a. The strength of the machine c. The total amount of work
completed
b. The force the machine produces d. The rate of doing work

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To:
• Students will determine relationships among force,
mass, and motion.
• Calculate amounts of work and mechanical
advantage using simple machines.
 Unit Nine Warmup #4
1. Which of the following is not a simple machine?
a. Wedge b. Screw c. Handle d. Lever
2. What is the Mechanical Advantage of the pulley
below?
3. What do you think the power of a machine measures?
a. The strength of the machine
b. The force the machine produces
c. The total amount of work completed
d. The rate of doing work
Practice Work, Power & Machines!
Use your completed foldable to do the 2nd
worksheet in the packet –
Simple Machines
Types of Levers
Mechanical Advantage
Simple Machine Problems
Go over the answers after everyone finishes
Physical Science 4/9/2019
Announcements & Turn In: Game Plan:
1. Which of the following is not a simple machine?
a. Wedge b. Screw c. Handle d. Lever
1. Warmup / Questions
2. Energy Poster
2. What is the Mechanical Advantage of the pulley shown?
3. What do you think the power of a machine measures?
a. The strength of the machine c. The total amount of work
completed
b. The force the machine produces d. The rate of doing work

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To:
• Students will determine relationships among force, Today is an early release day!
mass, and motion.
• Calculate amounts of work and mechanical
advantage using simple machines.
 Energy
■ The ability to do work
■ Work is a transfer of energy
 Two General Types of Energy
1. Potential Energy
■ Stored energy
■ Energy is stored due to position or shape
■ Gravitation potential energy
■ PE = mgh
■ m = mass, g = gravity, h = height
 Two General Types of Energy
2. Kinetic energy
■ Energy in motion
■ The energy of any moving object is
dependent on its speed and mass
■ KE = ½ mv²
■m=mass, v=velocity
 Energy Poster
■ Inpacket…
■ Choose ONE source. Sign up so that all

sources will have a poster!

■ Use the chromebooks to research!
Physical Science 4/10/2019
Unit Nine Warmup #5 Game Plan:
1. An 81.6 Kg. skydiver is 1200 meters above the ground. 1. Warmup / Questions
a. How much potential energy does the skydiver at 2. Kinetic Energy Notes
1200 meters? 3. KE Problems
b. How much potential energy will he have once he
lands on the ground?
4. Conservation of Energy problems
c. What happened to the potential energy?

Daily Targets: Assignments (due next class*):

Students Will Be Able To:
• Students will determine relationships among force,
mass, and motion.
• Calculate amounts of work and mechanical
advantage using simple machines.
• Describe how heat and energy relate to each other
 Warm-up #5 KE=½ mv2 PE=mgh ( g=9.8 m/s2 )

1. An 81.6 Kg. skydiver is 1200 meters above the

ground.
a. How much potential energy does the skydiver at
1200 meters?
b. How much potential energy will he have once he
lands on the ground?
c. What happened to the energy
2. What is the kinetic energy of a 24 kg.74mass that is
 Examples of KE and PE
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
■ Thermal (heat) ■ Chemical
■ Light (electromagnetic) ■ Electrical
■ Mechanical ■ Nuclear
■ Sound ■ Elastic
■ Gravitational
 Other Types of Energy
■ Thermal Energy (more on this later)

■Matter contains atoms that are in random

motion
■Ex. Atoms move faster and object becomes
warmer
Law of Conservation of Energy
■ When one form of energy is
converted into other forms of
energy, the total amount of energy
remains constant throughout the
conversion.
 Gravitational Potential Energy
AKA -
• Depends
GPE on mass
and height.
• GPE = m g h
Or
• GPE = mass x free-fall acceleration x height
(mg = weight in Newtons)
 Example
• A 65 kg rock climber ascends a cliff. What is
the climber’s gravitational potential energy at
a point 35 m above the base of the cliff?
• 65kg = m
GPE = mgh
35 m = h 2
GPE = 65kg x 9.8m/s x 35m
9.8m/s/s = g
? = GPE GPE = 22,295 J
 Kinetic Energy AKA =
KE
• KE = ½ mass x velocity 2
OR
KE = ½ m v 2
 Example
• What is the kinetic energy of a 44kg
cheetah running at 31 m/s?
• 44 kg = m KE = ½ m v 2

31 m/s = v KE = ½ (44kg) x (31m/s) 2

? = KE KE = 22 x 961
2
KE = 21142 J
• Note:
Kinetic energy depends more
on speed than on mass.
Potential and Kinetic Energy Problems
Solve problems 1- Solve problems 1-
10 on the (front) 10 on the (back)
side 1 of the paper. side 2 of the paper.
PE= mgh KE= ½ mv2
m=mass m=mass v=velocity
g= 9.8 m/s2
ENERGY IS MEASURED IN
h=height
JOULES
Conservation of Energy Practice
• Mechanical Energy is the sum of
potential and kinetic energy
• ME = PE + KE
OR
• (KE + PE) beginning = (KE + PE) end
Practice GPE= mgh KE=1/2mv2
a) A 68.2 kg car is sitting still at the top of a
40.0 m hill.
What is the car’s potential and kinetic energy?

What is the car’s total mechanical energy?

Practice PE=mgh KE=1/2mv2
Mass= 68.2 kg

a) At 25 m from the bottom of the hill

how much potential and kinetic
energy does the car have?
PE= mgh
KE=ME-PE