PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Category
✔ Powder
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
✔ Production Method
❑Comminution/Particle size
reduction
1.Large Scale - Mill
2.Extemporaneous
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑Extemporaneous
1.Trituration
2.Pulverization by Intervention
3.Levigation
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Blending/Mixing
✔ Large Scale
❑Mixer
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Blending/Mixing
✔ Extemporaneous
❑Spatulation
❑Trituration
❑Sifting
❑Tumbling
❑Geometric Dilution
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Divided Powders
✔ Weighing
✔ Block and Divided
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Packaging Material
✔ Powder Paper Type
❑ vegetable parchment
❑ white bond
❑ glassine
❑ waxed
✔ Powder boxes/Paper envelope
– size depends on the bulk
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Special Problems
✔ Volatile Substances
✔ Eutectic Mixture
✔ Hygroscopic & Deliquescent
✔ Efflorescence
✔ Extremely deliquescent
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Synonyms
✔ Chartula or Chartulae
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Description of Final Product
✔ Divided powders are
dispersed in form of
individual dose placed in
paper, properly folded
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Use/s
✔ Thyroid hormone
✔ Treatment of
hypothyroidism
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Formulation
Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Eltroxin 50 mcg/pptab 25 mcg/pptab
Lactose 100 mg/pptab 200 mg/2pptab
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Computations
✔ 50 mcg Eltroxin: 2 pptabs= X mcg Eltroxin: 1 pptab
X = 25 mcg Eltroxin
✔ 100 lactose: 1 pptab = X mg lactose: 2 pptabs
X = 200 mg Lactose
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Triturate Lactose – set aside
1 2 3
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Pulverize tablet, add lactose portion by
portion, triturating after each addition
1 2
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Place in Pill tile, form a block
then divide into 4 portions
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Wrap each portion
individually in a glassine paper
✔ Place in a paper envelop
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Label
✔ White Label
❑ Container
✔ Glassine Papertab place in an
envelop
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Remarks
✔ The method of preparation are
trituration and block and divide
✔ The pharmaceutical dosage form
is POWDER
✔ Hygroscopic and volatile drugs
can be protected by using waxed
paper double wrapped in a bond
paper
By: Nelson T. Tubon
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
1
8 cm
13 cm
❑ The powder papers may be of any convenient size to hold
the amount of powder required
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑ FOLD toward you a uniform flap of about 0.6 cm of the long side
of the paper
❑PLACE the weighed or divided amount of powder in the center of
each paper
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑ Be careful not to disturb the powder excessively, bring the
lower edge of the paper upward, and place it proximate to the
crease of the flap
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑ Grasp the flap, press it down upon the tucked-in bottom
edge of the paper and FOLD again with an amount of paper
equal to the size of the original flap (0.6 cm)
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑ FOLD the paper carefully by not disturbing the position of the
powder into 3 equal parts to form a crease on each end of the paper
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑Lift the other folded end and insert the other end to
form a sharp crease so that powder cannot escape
STEPS IN THE FOLDING OF
POWDER PAPERS
❑ Have a uniform folds, and should be of uniform length and height
❑ There should be no powder in the FOLDS and none should be
capable of escape with moderate agitation
STEPS IN MAKING ENVELOPE
9 cm
1 8 cm
12.5 cm 1 cm
17 cm
STEPS IN MAKING ENVELOPE
2 FOLD at least 1 cm
STEPS IN MAKING ENVELOPE
3 FOLD 1 more time
STEPS IN MAKING ENVELOPE
4 FOLD BOTH SIDES
STEPS IN MAKING ENVELOPE
5 ❑ Attached label on
the principal display
panel (FRONT)
❑ Attached back label
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ POST LAB
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Category
✔ Powder
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
✔ Production Method
❑Comminution/Particle size
reduction
1.Large Scale - Mill
2.Extemporaneous
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑Extemporaneous
1.Trituration
2.Pulverization by Intervention
3.Levigation
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Blending/Mixing
✔ Large Scale
❑Mixer
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Blending/Mixing
✔ Extemporaneous
❑Spatulation
❑Trituration
❑Sifting
❑Tumbling
❑Geometric Dilution
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Divided Powders
✔ Weighing
✔ Block and Divided
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Packaging Material
✔ Powder Paper Type
❑ vegetable parchment
❑ white bond
❑ glassine
❑ waxed
✔ Powder boxes/Paper envelope
– size depends on the bulk
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Special Problems
✔ Volatile Substances
✔ Eutectic Mixture
✔ Hygroscopic & Deliquescent
✔ Efflorescence
✔ Extremely deliquescent
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Synonyms
✔ Chartula or Chartulae
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Description of Final Product
✔ Divided powders are
dispersed in form of
individual dose placed in
paper, properly folded
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Use/s
✔ Thyroid hormone
✔ Treatment of
hypothyroidism
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Formulation
Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Eltroxin 50 mcg/pptab 25 mcg/pptab
Lactose 100 mg/pptab 200 mg/2pptab
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Computations
✔ 50 mcg Eltroxin: 2 pptabs= X mcg Eltroxin: 1 pptab
X = 25 mcg Eltroxin
✔ 100 lactose: 1 pptab = X mg lactose: 2 pptabs
X = 200 mg Lactose
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Triturate Lactose – set aside
1 2 3
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Pulverize tablet, add lactose portion by
portion, triturating after each addition
1 2
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Place in Pill tile, form a block
then divide into 5 portions
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Procedure
✔ Wrap each portion
individually in a glassine paper
✔ Place in a paper envelop
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Label
✔ White Label
❑ Container
✔ Glassine Papertab place in an
envelop
By: Nelson T. Tubon
PREPARATION 1
THYROXINE SODIUM
❑ Remarks
✔ The method of preparation are
trituration and block and divide
✔ The pharmaceutical dosage form
is POWDER
✔ Hygroscopic and volatile drugs
can be protected by using waxed
paper double wrapped in a bond
paper
By: Nelson T. Tubon
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of powders?
✔ ADVANTAGES
1. Flexibility of compounding
2. Good chemical stability
3. Rapid dispersion of ingredients because
of small particles
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of powders?
✔ DISADVANTAGES
1. Time consuming preparations
2. Inaccuracy of dose
3. Unsuitability for many unpleasant tasting
4. Hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
✔ ADVANTAGES
1. Increase the surface area, which may increase
the dissolution rate as well as bioavailability
(griseofulvin)
2. Increase extraction or leaching, from animal
glands and from crude vegetable extracts
3. Facilitates drying of wet masses by increasing
the surface area and reducing the distance that
moisture must travel to reach the outer surface.
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
✔ ADVANTAGES
4. Improve mixing, or blending, of several solid
ingredients if they are reduced to approximately
the same size
5. Permits uniform distribution of coloring agents
6. Improves the function of lubricants used to coat
the surface of the granulation/powder in
compressed tablets
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
✔ DISADVANTAGES
1. Can change the polymorphic form of the active
ingredients, rendering it less active
2. Decreases the bulk density of the active compound
and excipients, causing flow problem and segragation
3. Decreases particle size of the raw materials and may
create problems with static charge, which may cause
particles aggregation and decrease solution rate
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
✔ DISADVANTAGES
4. Can degrade the drug as a result of heat build up,
oxidation or adsorption of unwanted moisture
because of increased surface area
5. Increase surface area, which may promote air
adsorption and inhibit wettability
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
1. SEDIMENTATION RATE, in which particles is
determined by measuring the terminal settling
velocity of particles through a liquid medium in
gravitational or centrifugal environment
(range: 0.8-300 micrometers).
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
2. Light Energy diffraction, in which particle size
is determine by the reduction in light reaching
the sensor as the particle, dispersed in a liquid
or gas, passes through the sensing zone (range:
0.2 - 500 micrometers)
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
3. Laser halography, in which a pulsed laser is
fired through an aerolized particle spray and
photographed in three dimension with a
halographic camera, allowing the particles to
be individually imaged and sized (range: 1.4 -
100 micrometers)
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
4. Cascade Impaction is based on the principle
that a particle, driven by an airstream, will
impact on a surface in its path, provided that
its inertia is sufficient to overcome the drag
force that tends to keep it in the airstream
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
5. SIEVING – particles are passed by mechanical
shaking through a series of sieves (from 40 to
9500 micrometers, depending upon sieve sizes)
POST Lab Questions
■ What are the advantages and disadvantages
of mixing powders?
6. MICROSCOPY – particles are sized through
the use of calibrated grid background or other
measuring devise ( range 0.2 to 100
micrometers)
POST Lab Questions
■ Discuss briefly the mixing techniques.
1. SPATULATION –
2. TRITURATION –
3. GEOMETRIC DILUTION –
4. SIFTING –
5. TUMBLING –
POST Lab Questions
■ USP Standard for powders of Animals and
Vegetable Drugs
TYPE OF Sieve Size All Sieve Size % of Particles Pass
POWDERS particles Pass through
through
Very Coarse No. 8 sieve NMT 20% pass through a # 60 sieve
Coarse No. 20 sieve NMT 40% pass through a # 60 sieve
Moderately No. 40 sieve NMT 40% pass through a # 80 sieve
coarse
Fine No. 60 sieve NMT 40% pass through a # 100 sieve
Very Fine No. 80 sieve No limit as to greater fineness
POST Lab Questions
■ USP Standard for powders of Chemicals
TYPE OF Sieve Size All Sieve Size % of Particles Pass
POWDERS particles Pass through
through
Coarse No. 20 sieve NMT 60% pass through a # 40 sieve
Moderately No. 40 sieve NMT 60% pass through a # 60 sieve
coarse
Fine No. 80 sieve No limit as to greater fineness
Very Fine No. 120 sieve No limit as to greater fineness
POST Lab Questions
■ Give Special Treatments of mixing powders
1. Volatile Substances
Examples: Camphor, menthol, essential oils
❑ Can be lost by volatilization after they are
incorporated into powders.
✔ Use heat sealed plastic bags or double
wrapping with waxed or glassine papers
inside white bond paper
POST Lab Questions
■ Give Special Treatments of mixing powders
2. Liquids
❑ Magnesium carbonate, starch, or lactose
can be added to increase the absorbability
of the powders by increasing the surface
area.
POST Lab Questions
■ Give Special Treatments of mixing powders
3. Hygroscopic and Deliquescent
❑ Add inert diluent.
❑ Double wrapping is desirable for further
protection
POST Lab Questions
■ Give Special Treatments of mixing powders
4. Eutectic Mixtures
❑ Mixed with light magnesium oxide or
magnesium carbonate, kaolin, starch,
bentonite
