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42 views66 pagesHow Animals Survive
The document provides an overview of metabolic processes in the human body. It discusses the key steps in digestion, including the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small and large intestines. It also examines gas exchange in the lungs and homeostasis maintained by the endocrine system. The document emphasizes the importance of six nutrients - water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - for metabolic reactions and energy production in the body.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views66 pagesHow Animals Survive
The document provides an overview of metabolic processes in the human body. It discusses the key steps in digestion, including the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small and large intestines. It also examines gas exchange in the lungs and homeostasis maintained by the endocrine system. The document emphasizes the importance of six nutrients - water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - for metabolic reactions and energy production in the body.
Uploaded by
Dionne MagnoCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOOD AFTERNOON
JOHN MILLO D. TUDIO
PRAYER
We open our hearts, minds and souls to worship to you
Thank you that today we dwell in your kingdom and live in
your presence.
Thank you that as we gather together
we join with everyone across the world to glorify your holy
name.
Come be with us, inspire us and lead us in our time together.
we ask all this in the beautiful name of God, AMEN
• Explain the Different metabolic
processes of various organ and
their unique characteristics.
• Examine a human body.
• Recognize the Importance of
hormones and metabolic
processes.
How Animals Survive
Digestive system
Ingestion to Propulsion to Mechanical Breakdown to
Chemical Digestion to Absorption to Defecation
Enzymes that living things use as catalysts to speed
up chemical reactions.
Digestive system
1 gram of carbohydrate = 4 calories
1 gram of Fat = 9 calories
Processes
Step 1:
3 glands
Parotid gland
Sublingual Gland
Sub mandibular Gland
Processes
Squamous cells
AMYLASE
an enzyme, a type of protein that helps
your body break down carbohydrates. The
pancreas and salivary glands in your mouth
make amylase.
Step 2:
Esophagus
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
Mucosa: Made up of entirely mucous cells
that produce protective coat.
Submucosa: This layer also contains blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Glands may be embedded in this layer.
Muscularis: Strength smash food.
Serosa: protect the stomach from friction
as it expands with food and moves to mix
and propel the food
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
Parietal Cells: Produce hydrochloric acid
that destroys bacteria, viruses, and others.
Chief Cells: Releases pepsinogen, mixing
to HCl result to pepsin, a protein hungry
enzymes.
Enteroendocrine cells: release regulatory hormones<
serotonin and histamine trigger other cells to release
more acids or contract muscle tissue.
Secretes sematotatin inhibit secretions.
G cells: produce gastric, stimulate gastric activity.
Gastric increase stomach activity.
Hypothalamus:
various mechanisms controls appetite and food intake.
It is also responsible for the control of hunger and
thirst.
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
3 Phases
Cephalic Phase: Sense a food or think
Hypothalamus to medulla oblongata to vagus nerve to
signal to stomach.
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
3 Phases
Gastric Phase: neural and hormonal start gastric
phase.
Activates the stretch receptors and stimulate medulla
to command vagus nerve to start stomach acids.
Alkalinity jump start the stomach
Step 3:
Stomach: 2-4 Liters
3 Phases
Intestinal Phase: Overload the intestine slow
down stomach.
Step 4
Liver: Four lobed
Make bile for fatty foods
Allows enzymes to break down fatty
acids and monoglycerides to digest and
absorb foods.
Bile are stored in gallbladder.
Step 4
Pancreas
Trypsin and peptidase that breaks down protein into
amino acids.
Lipase that turn triglycerides into fatty acids and
glycerol.
Amylase: reduces carbs to glucose and fructose
Nuclease: busts the nucleic acids that are in DNA and
RNA into nucleotide
Step 5:
Small Intestine:
absorb the break down substances to capillaries.
Step 5:
Small Intestine:
Step 6:
Large Intestine:
Absorb water and other nutrients
Bacteria: releasing essential B and K vitamins which
absorb and some fatty acids.
Step 6:
Large Intestine:
Poop stimulate stretch receptors that tap the
parasympathetic defecation that signals colon and
rectum to contact and internal anal sphincter to relax.
Step 6:
Large Intestine:
Metabolism
Catabolic reaction
Disassemble substance
Anabolic reaction
Assemble substance
6 Important nutrients
Water: Important for every metabolic reaction.
Vitamins:
Vitamin C: For Iron Absorption.
Vitamin K: For Blood Clothing.
Vitamin B: For ATP production from glucose.
6 Important nutrients
Minerals:
Ca, Mg, P: Hardens bones and teeth
Fe: Hemoglobin
K, Na, Cl: pH balance Action potentials
6 Important nutrients
Carbohydrates:
Mono and disaccharides: Fruits, Honey, sugar
cane.
Polysaccharides: Veggies and Grains
6 Important nutrients
Carbohydrates:
6 Important nutrients
Lipid:
Store underneath the skin, insulate myelin sheath
Cholesterol such as testosterone and estrogen
6 Important nutrients
Lipid:
6 Important nutrients
Lipid:
6 Important nutrients
Lipid:
6 Important nutrients
Proteins
Building up of muscle
and enzymes
Protein to amino acids to
protein
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Gas Exchange
Conducting Zone: Nose and Bronchi
Respiratory Zone: Bronchioles,
Alveolar ducts and Alveolar Sacs.
Gas Exchange
Partial Pressure:
High Pressure to Low Pressure
High Concentration to Low
Concentration
Gas Exchange
CO2 Drop to Oxygen Up
Oxygen Up to CO2 Down
Homeostasis
Master Gland: Pituitary Gland
It signals thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and
pineal Gland
Target Cells: Target of Hormones
Pancreas: Beta Cells release insulin
Alpha Cells release Glucagon
Urinary system
Immune system
Physical Barrier:
Skin, Mucous
membrane, Stomach
acids, and saliva.
Immune system
Innate defenses:
Phagocytes, such as:
Neutrophils:
Immune system
Innate defenses:
Phagocytes, such as:
Macrophages:
Immune system
Free type Macrophage: Free moving
Fixed type Macrophage: Attach to fibers
and specific organs.
Immune system
Natural Killer Cells:
Program cells to die,
Looking for abnormal
cells by detecting
protein.
Immune system
Inflammatory Heat increase
Response: Redness, metabolic rate
Swelling, Heat, and resulting to fast
Pain healing.
Immune system
Histamine increase Injury release
permeability for chemicals resulting
protein resulting to to Leukocytosis.
swelling and repair
tissue.
Immune system
Inflamed endothelial To much pathogens
cells in the capillaries trigger the release
send out chemicals of pyrogen
Immune system
Liver and spleen hold iron and zinc to
stop contributing to bacterial growth.
Adaptive Immune Defense
ANTIGENS
detected by B lymphocytes
It will clone it self
Adaptive Immune Defense
Some are Effector cells and memory
cells.
Effector cells: Releases antibodies
Adaptive Immune Defense
All cells have MHC 1 receptor that
can be recognized by the T Cells,
Changes in MHC 1 allows the T Cells
to kill the cell.
Adaptive Immune Defense
Helper T cells may bind to MHC 2
receptor of the immune cells that displays
antigen resulting to activation of other
immune cells and the release of cytokines.
Adaptive Immune Defense
It triggers the T Cell to clone and
make a Memory cell, regulatory Cell
and Effector cell just like B
lymphocytes
Adaptive Immune Defense
Helper T cells bind to the B cells,
activating it and release Antibodies
making other T cells to be activated
and release Cytokines.
ASSIGNMENTS
Bring a straw, butter and
vegetable oil.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
