Animal Nutrition
Dr.
Makhdoom
Abdul Jabbar
Executive Member Punjab Agri. Research Board,
Lahore
Mob. 0333-4568071
[email protected]
i. Classification of feed
resource
s
Summer Fodders
i. Green Roughages ---- Fodders
Winter Fodders
Roughages
ii. Dry Roughages ---- Straws, Stalks Cobs
ii. Classification of Feeds
Protein sources ----Cakes and meals
Concentrate
Energy sources ---- Grains, Oil. Fats
iii. Classification of
Feeds
Macro-minerals- Ca, P, Mg, Na, K
Minerals
Micro-minerals Zn, Fe, Co, Se, I etc.
Bacteria and Protozoa present in the
rumen
FODDERS:
1) Summer Fodders
2) Winter Fodders
3) Dry Fodders
Composition of Summer Fodders
Type of fodder Production Dry matter Protein
/acre (Ton) (%) (%)
Maize 18-20 29.30 7.04
Sorghum 20-25 30.0 6.20
Sadabahar 50-60 27.59 6.98
Millet 20-22 29.50 6.08
Mott Grass 70-90 16.54 7.52
Guara 15-18 20.90 17.35
Composition of Winter Fodders
Type of Dry Matter Protein Yield
fodd er (%) (%) (Tons/acre)
Berseem 15.62 19.90 30-35
Lucerne 24.26 22.83 52-60
Rye grass 14.21 22.85 30-40
Oats 22.10 8.98 30-35
Composition of dry fodders
Type of fodder Dry Matter (%) Protein (%)
Whe at 92.75 2.59
straw
Rice straw 92.82 3.06
Maize stovers 82.50 5.45
Sorghum stovers 80.50 3.74
Millet stovers 85.00 4.00
Corn cobs 90.50 1.66
Berseem hay 85.60 18.46
Lucerne 87.50 18.86
hay
Daily allowance
Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-60 kg
Ration ~ Half of milk production
More ration during summer season
Water should be available all the time
Mineral mixture @ 2% in the ration
Silage
Silage is a method of
preservation of fresh
fodder by which high
moisture fodder can be
stored for longer period
without any
deterioration.
Types of silos
Bag Silos
COMMON
FEED
INGREDIENTS
For
FEED
FORMULATION
COMPOSITION OF COMMON
FEED INGREDIENTS
Name of feed ingredient Protein TDN Est. Price (Rs.
(%) (%) Per Kg)
Cotton seed cake 23.04 63.4 10.00
Rape seed cake 37.10 79.8 9.00
Sunflower cake 30.47 69.8 8.00
Cotton seed meal 39.59 79.8 12.00
Soybean meal 44 - 48 84.0 18.00
Maize gluten feed 20% 21.85 79.1 5.25
Maize gluten feed 30.70 83.6 5.50-6.0
30% Maize gluten 64.70 94.6 16-18
feed 60%
Name of feed ingredient Protein TDN Est. Price (Rs.
(%) (%) Per Kg)
Rice polishing 12.36 89.9 6.50-7.0
Wheat bran 14.99 71.0 6.70
Wheat grains 12.80 78.9 10.00
Maize grains 9.80 81.2 10.0-11.50
Sorghum 15.75 78.5 15.00
Millet 10.55 77.2 15.00
Oats 10.21 77.2 12.00
Oil 00.00 195.0 50.00
Grams (black) 20.35 75.2 20.00
Urea 287.50 - 10.00
Bone meal 20.05 57.7 11.50
MAIN PARTS OF A
RATION FORMULA
Vitamins Mineral Energy Protein
sources
sources sources sources
Vitamins Salt, bone Wheat bran Cotton seed cake
A, D and E, meal, DCP Maize bran Cotton seed
and Rice bran meal Rape seed
mineral Rice cake Rape seed
mixtures polishing, meal cake
Sunflower
etc. grains, Sunflower
molasses and Maize glutens,
meal
oils etc. Urea etc.
DIFFERENT FORMULAE
FOR
DAIRY ANIMALS
RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY ANIMALS-
1
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Cotton seed cake 15.0
2 Maize gluten 30% 20.0
3 Sunflower meal 5.0
4 Wheat bran 18.0
5 Rice polishing 15.0
6 Maize ground 10.0
7 Molasses 15.0
8 Mineral mixture 2.0
Total 100.0
Protein (%) = 17.6
TDN (%) = 75.3
RATION FORMULA FOR LS-
DAIRY ANIMA
2
Sr. No. (WFehedeInngrcedoietnttson s e e d
meal
isPenrcoenttage
1 Soybean meal available)
13.0
2 Canola meal
9.0
3 Cotton seed cake
12.0
RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY
ANIMALS-3 (W hen molasses is not
available)
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Rape seed cake 15.0
2 Cotton seed cake 15.0
3 Rice polishing 20.0
4 Wheat bran 28.0
5 Maize grain 20.0
6 Mineral mixture 2.0
Total 100.0
Protein (%) = 16.17
TDN (%) = 73.43
RATION FORMULA FOR
DAIRY
ANIMALS-4
( With Soybean)
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
Soybean meal =
14
Sunflower meal =
15
Wheat bran =
24
Rice polishing =
20
Grains =
10
CALF FEEDING
Milk
Replacer
Protein 20%
Mainly of Animal origin like Dry milk powder,
whey milk powder etc.
TDN 80%
Energy source also of animal origin e.g. fat,
lecithin etc.
This is usually imported
CALF STARTER RATION
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Cotton seed meal/soybean meal 30.0
2 Maize grains (ground) 45.0
3 Wheat bran 8.6
4 Rice polish 5.0
5 Molasses 10.0
6 Mineral mixture 1.0
7 Vitamins 0.1
8 Calcium carbonate 0.3
Total 100
Protein (%) = 18.51
TDN (%) = 75.00
Price per Kg = 15.00
Mature low quality
fodder
Urea molasses block
FEED SUPPLEMENTS
urea molasses blocks
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Maize gluten 30% 22.0
2 Urea 2.0
3 Rice polishing/wheat bran 20.0
4 Canola/Cotton seed meal 10.0
5 Bentonite 6.0
6 Calcium carbonate 2.0
7 Molasses 36.0
8 Mineral mixture 2.0
Total 100
Price per Kg = Rs. 7.75
MINERAL MIXTURE ?
MINERAL MIXTURE
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Di-calcium phosphate (DCP) 70.81 kg
2 Common salt 18.91 kg
3 Magnesium sulfate 8.64 kg
4 Ferrous sulfate 0.89 kg
5 Manganese sulfate 0.49 kg
6 Zinc sulfate 0.22 kg
7 Copper sulfate 0.03 kg
8 Potassium iodide 8.77 gm
9 Cobalt chloride 0.89 gm
10 Sodium selenate 1.50 gm
Total 100.0 kg
Price per Kg = Rs. 30.00
BALES OF COMPLETE
MIXED RATION
REDUCTION IN VOLUME DUE TO DENSIFICATION
BALED RATION FOR
DRY ANIMALS
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Wheat straw 50.0
2 Sunflower cake 20.0
3 Cotton seed meal 10.0
4 Urea 1.0
5 Molasses 18.0
6 Mineral mixture 1.0
100.0
Total
Crude protein (%) = 12.0
TDN (%) = 68.0
Price per kg (Rs.) = 7.16
Daily feed = 8.0
required
Daily feed(Kg)
cost (Rs.) = 57.0
BALED RATION FOR
LACTATING
BUFFALOES
Sr. No. WITH 10. 0 LIT. DAILY
Feed Ingredients MILK
Percentage
1 Wheat straw 43.0
2 Rice polishing 10.0
3 Cotton seed meal 10.0
4 Canola meal 15.0
5 Maize ground 9.0
6 Molasses 10.0
7 Mineral mixture 2.0
8 Vitamins (A,D,E 0.1
& K)
Total 100.0
Crude protein (%) = 12.0
TDN (%) = 68.0
Price per kg (Rs.) = 8.80
Daily feed required (Kg) = 12.5
Daily feed cost (Rs.) = 110.0
BALED RATION FOR 15 lit PRODUCTION
Sr. No. Feed Ingredients Percentage
1 Wheat straw 26.0
2 Rice polishing 15.0
3 Cotton seed meal08.0
4 Soybean meal 10.0
5 Canola meal 14.0
6 Maize ground 15.0
7 Molasses 9.9
8 Mineral mixture 2.0
9 Vitamins (A,D,E & K)
0.1 Total
100.0
Crude protein (%) = 15.0
TDN (%) = 70.0
Price per kg (Rs.) = 9.58
Daily feed required (Kg) = 14.0
Daily feed cost (Rs.) = 135.0
Monensin
First discovered 1967
Extensively used in dairy and beef animals
Prevents coccidiosis, increases propionic acid
and prevents bloat
Yeast
Increases the efficiency of feed for milk
and
meat production
Energy concentrates
Protected fat
Berga fat
Megalac (fat)
HEALTH IS WEALTH !
American Soybean Association
&
Nutrionists Association of
Pakistan
What is the best feed for dairy cows?
Dry forages are pasture (fresh forage) or high quality alfalfa hay, alfalfa-
grass mix hay, grass hay or straw. Some dairy farmers will feed a mix of
both silage and hay, while others might only feed silage or only feed hay,
depending on the farm. The other half of the diet is called the
concentrate.
What are the nutritional requirements of dairy cattle?
The major mineral requirements for dairy cows are calcium and
phosphorus. The calcium phosphorus ratio is important, and an imbalance
can cause infertility. There are reserves of both elements in the skeleton.
Pasture is often deficient in minerals, mainly in phosphorus.
How do you feed a dairy cow for maximum production?
Feed your lactating cows 50kg's of feed per day per cow; mix chopped
maize stalks, oats, grass, Napier, desmodium, soya beans and silage
(only fed to milk producers). All these should add up to a maximum of 50
Kilograms.
How much grain should I feed my dairy cow?
In general, it is recommended that no more than 15 pounds (6.8kg)
per cow per feeding of grain be fed in the milking parlor. This means that
if cows are being fed more than 30 pounds of grain per day,
additional grain should be available from other sources for the cow.
What factors does the food requirement of dairy animals
depend on?
Some of the other factors may also include the overall body size of
the animal, lactation stage of the dairy animal and total milk volume
production by the dairy animal. The animals that produced more amount of
milk on daily basis would be offered with over 5 percent of feed as
compared to their overall body weight.
What kind of feed is given to cattle to increase the milk
production?
Protein rich food should be given to cattle for increasing milk production.
Farmers should supplement their dairy cows with yeast either in feed or
drinking water to boost milk production. Yeast fed to a dairy cow
improves feed.
Can cows survive on grass alone?
Many people still think that dairy cows consume grass and grass alone.
They have that idyllic image of black and white cows out in a green pasture
next to a red barn. While some cows can sustain many of their needs
on grass alone, they are usually the non-lactating cows (i.e., cows that aren't
producing milk).
What kind of feed is given to cattle to increase the milk
production?
Protein rich food should be given to cattle for increasing milk production.
Farmers should
