Research

Writing
Grade 10
fo
r
Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial
National High School
February 13-15, 2023
Research Writing
forGrade 10

CONTENTS
01 Defining Research

02 Sections of a Research Paper

03 Research Topic Selection

04 Open Forum
 Research Writing
forGrade 10

01 RESEARCH
The What & Whys
Research Subjects in Senior High School
ABM,
GAS, PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
HUMSS,
STEM,
(Qualitative Research)
TVL

ABM,
GAS, PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
HUMSS,
STEM,
(Quantitative Research)
TVL

ABM, Work report refe rs to a compre hensive and syste matic gener al
GAS, INQUIRIES,
inspection and evalua tion of the wor k tha t has been done in a
HUMSS,
STEM,
INVESTIGATIONS &
cert ain period of time
TVL IMMERSION

STEM
CAPSTONE PROJECT
What is Research?

Research is a systematic process of collecting,

analyzing, and interpreting information in order
to increase our understanding of a phenomenon
about which we are interested or concerned
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).
Is Research Relatable?

The Effects of Korean Drama on Students

Majority of students who took part in the research do not

consider their fanaticism with Korean drama to have affected
their sleeping patterns. Also, the study shows the same
students are financially responsible and are not even willing
to buy products and franchises relative to this type of
entertainment.
Is Research Relatable?

Social Media Usage and Depression

“The more time young adults use social media, the more
likely they are depressed.”

The 1,787 participants of the study used social media 61

minutes per day and visited various social media accounts 30
times per week. 25 percent of these participants were
classified as having high indicators of depression.
 Research Writing
forGrade 10

02 SECTIONS
Parts of a Research Paper
IMRaD

1 2 3 4
Introduction Methodology Results Discussion
Why did I do What did I do? What did I find? So what?
this study?
INTRODUCTION
Why do this study?

Background Rationale
What do we already know? Why does it matter?

Aim Research Question

What gap in our knowledge What do I want to find
does this fill? out?
INTRODUCTION
Why do this study?

JHS Students’ Social Media Usage and

Their Attention Span in Class
Over the past decade, social media has drastically increased its breadth in terms of the
number of people who use it significantly. In fact, Facebook alone, as of January 2017
has reached a record high of approximately 1,850,000,000 active users as compared to
400 million in 2012 (Smith, 2017). This exponential increase in social media activity has
fueled the interest of various researchers on the effect of social media usage. Social
media are forms of electronic communication devices through which users create online
communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content
(Merriam-Webster, 2017).
INTRODUCTION
Why do this study?

In the Philippines, there is still a limited number of literature that

directly links the use of social media to attention span, especially those
that look into the Senior High School (SHS) students and their ability
to maintain concentration. Furthermore, the international researches
conducted on this topic does not provide evidence that the results
transcend through different cultural backgrounds and age groups. It is
in this light that the purpose of this study to determine whether social
media usage possess any significant relationship with the attention span
of Grade 10 students of Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National
High School.
The following samples are taken from one of my works for Swinburne University
of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

Original from source:

My version:

The social and cultural definition of childhood has been a long debate
leading to the development of international treaties and conventions
(Bushati, 2018).
Original version

My version
Schweisfurth (2019) synthesized a number of researches where child-centred
approach did work at all.
If you directly lifted the portion, include page number
where you find the entire statement.
From page 70 of the journal

My version:
Global standards towards childhood often do not take under
consideration cultural components or adapt to local sensibilities, which
produces disaccord and non-desired results (Bushati, 2018 p. 70).
If the statement of a source is coming from another source use the format :
Author( year cited in source, year)

The Source My Version

Ryan (2005 cited in Langford, 2010)
provides a contemporary definition of
child-centred pedagogy stemming to
the ideology that curriculum begins
with the needs and interests of the
child and responds to the different
Statement from the source characteristics of childhood.
INTRODUCTION
Why do this study?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study generally aims to determine if JHS students’ use of social media possess
significant relationship with their attention span in class.

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the level of social media usage of Grade 10 students of Casimiro A. Ynares
Sr. Memorial National High School (CAYSMNHS) in terms of:
a. forms of social media?
b. frequency of social media use?
c. mode of social media use?
2. What is the attention span in class of Grade 10 students of CAYSMNHS?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of social media use and the
attention span of Grade 10 students of CAYSMNHS?
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Nature of the Subjects and

Research Method Respondents
What sort of study am I Who are in the study?
doing? Who are excluded?

Research Locale Data and Their Sources

Where and when does the What do I measure?
study take place?

Research Instruments
What will I use to gather data?
For Quantitative Study Research Design
Participants are randomly
What’s the plan?
selected. There is an
experimental and a
controlled group where the
Quantitative Research Designs experimental group is
exposed to treatment.

True Experimental
Design
Descriptive Correlational Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Research primarily Design
Used to investigate concerned with Participants are not
Cross-sectional randomly selected.
the direction and cause and effect
survey design is
magnitude of relationships in Pre-Experimental
done when data is Design
relationships studies that involve
collected at a One-group pretest-posttest
among variables in manipulation and design provides a
single point in measurement. It
a particular comparative description of
time. utilizes the method a group of participants
population. before and after the
of difference.
experimental treatment.
For Qualitative Study Research Design
What’s the plan?

Qualitative Research Designs

Grounded
Phenomenology Ethnography Historical Case Study
Theory

Involves describe and describe in-

Identify examine events
formulation, depth the
Examines culture, of the past to
testing, & experience of
uniqueness of variables for understand the
redevelopment one person,
individual's study, & present and
of propositions anticipate family, group,
lived situations review
until a theory potential future community, or
literature
is developed effects institution
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

JHS Students’ Social Media Usage and

Their Attention Span in Class
This study is quantitative in nature since the research question we seek to answer lead to
numerical data.
Specifically, the study is correlational as it aims to determine if there is an association
between junior high school students’ use of social media and their attention span in class
and assess whether the degree of association between these variables is significant.
Cristobal & Cristobal (2016) defines correlation research as the research design
employed to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in
a particular population.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Look for quali design

This study is quantitative in nature since the research question we seek to answer lead to
numerical data.
Specifically, the study is correlational as it aims to determine if there is an association
between junior high school students’ use of social media and their attention span in class
and assess whether the degree of association between these variables is significant.
Cristobal & Cristobal (2016) defines correlation research as the research design
employed to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in
a particular population.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Sampling in Qualitative Research

A procedure for selecting people, places or things to study from a population.

The process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the
individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected.
It answers the question of who will take part in the study. Or, who the subjects are.
In qualitative research non-probability sampling techniques are used. Also called as
purposive/judgemental is used when the researcher knows for sure the participants
targeted have the information needed for the study.
 Samples and Sampling in Research

A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units

from a population used to determine truths about that population.

The sampling frame is a list of all elements or other units containing the
elements in a population.

Population is the larger group from individuals that are selected to

participate in a study.

https://www.slideshare.net/hafizahhajimia/research-method-sampling
The purpose of sampling

To gather data about the population in order to make an inference that can be
generalized to the population. This is the notion of representation, where
sample drawn from a population can be said to be the representative of the
population.
Kinds of Sampling

Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling

Probability sampling is a Non-probability sampling

sampling technique, in which involves non-random selection
the subjects of the population based on convenience or other
get an equal opportunity to be criteria, allowing you to easily
selected as a representative collect data.
sample.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Drawing randomly from a list of the Taking every kth element in the
population (e.g.: names from a hat, using a population as a sample, where
matrix of random numbers).
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

a process in which certain CLUSTER SAMPLING
subgroups, or strata, are selected for the
sample in the same proportion as they exist in The selection of groups, or
the population who has the characteristics that clusters, of subjects rather than
will have impact to the research. individuals
Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling

QUOTA SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE The number of samples is

SAMPLING decided by the researcher and
selection is also made out of
is selecting a group of availability of the respondent.
individuals who are
conveniently available
for study
 Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SNOWBALL SAMPLING

Using researcher’s judgment to select a
sample that they believe, based on prior One sample leads on to more of
information, will provide the data they the same kind of sample.
need.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Pertinent Data

Data is the foundation of any research. The integrity of every research project relies
highly on the value and veracity of the data used in fulfilling the research objectives and
addressing the research questions.

A good researcher knows how to identify important or pertinent data, collect data using
the appropriate methods of data collection, and organize data logically in consideration
of the research problem, objectives, and overall research design.

Before thinking about adapting any tool or method of data collection, the researcher
should try to articulate and document answers to questions similar to the following:
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Pertinent Data

Why do you need to collect data?
What is the purpose of data collection?
What questions are you seeking answers to?
What information is necessary to answer these questions?
What method is best to collect this information without investing too much time on
behalf of participants/respondents?
Who should participate, an individual, a group or community?
Which variety of voices should be heard?
What other research can I do to improve the quality of questions?
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Pertinent Data

Most researchers collect data through observations, participations, interviews, content
analysis, and techniques normally associated with qualitative research designs or
approaches/methods.
The researchers should also consider the type of research they are working on,
qualitative or quantitative which have more differences than similarities.

The quantitative approach is “objective” and has no interaction with a study’s

participants/respondents except when they are interviewed. It counts and measures
behavior with scales, tools, or interventions.

The qualitative approach is just the opposite; the researcher, or observer, puts
himself/herself “in the shoes” of the participants, to understand the participants’
experience.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Data Through Observation

There are two traditional methods of collecting data through observations:
1. Through taking field notes
2. Using checklists of important variables that is included in the study.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to provide a precise set of rules and procedures for
conducting fieldwork. The success of observation depends on the situation, the purpose
of the study, the nature of the setting, and the skills, interests, needs, and point of view of
the observer.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Data Through Observation

The following are some generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork:
• Be descriptive in taking field notes.
• Gather a variety of information from different perspectives.
• Cross-validate information by gathering other sources like interviews, program
documentation, recordings, and photographs.
• Use direct quotations from the participants/respondents; present program participants
in their own terms. Capture participants’ views of their own experiences in their own
words.
• Select information wisely. Draw on the wisdom of their knowledge or informed
perspectives, but keep in mind that their perspectives are limited to the sphere of their
environment.
• Be aware of and sensitive to the different stages of fieldwork.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Data Through Observation

The following are some generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork:
• Build trust and rapport during the early stage of encounter. Remember that the
researcher observer is also being observed and evaluated.
• Stay alert and disciplined during the more routine middle-phase of fieldwork. Be
friendly without being intimate with the subject.
• Focus on pulling together a useful synthesis as fieldwork draws to a close.
• Be disciplined and conscientious in taking detailed field notes at all stages of
fieldwork. Be sure to maintain a diary-type taking notes by indicating the date and the
time of the day when observation is being conducted. Indicate also if there are
interruptions that happen during the “observation” period as this may influence the
pace of the events taking place.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Collecting Data Through Observation

The following are some generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork:
• Provide formative feedbacks as part of the verification process of fieldwork. Record
the time that feedback was provided. Observe its impact.
• Include in your field notes and observation reports of your own experiences, thoughts,
and feelings. These are also field data. Not to be confused with description, this can
be part of side notes to indicate that it was your interpretation of what you see.
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Organizing Field Notes

Goetz and LeCompte (1984) developed a framework of organizing field notes, involving
elements of telling a story as follows.

Who are present?

How do you describe them? What role are they playing in the group, if any? Are they a
member of the group? If yes, how did they become a member? Who is the leader of the
group?

What is happening? What are the people doing? Saying? Behaving? What seems to be
the routine? Are they members of the group or participants involved? What is the tone of
their communication? How about their language?
METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

The Sample
The target population of the study are the junior high school students during the third
quarter of the academic year, 2022-2023 of Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National
High School in Taytay, Rizal. These students belong to three groups of Grade 10,
namely: Special Program in Journalism (SPJ); Pilot, and Regular programs.

With a population size of 500, the researchers will consider a sample of 223
respondents determined using Slovin’s formula for computing sample size with a five
percent margin of error. These samples shall be randomly selected through stratified
random sampling with the JHS programs being used to define groups and SPSS to
randomly determine the samples.
 METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

The Instrument
This study shall make use of two research instruments to provide data on the variables being studied. A
validated questionnaire will be used to determine the respondents’ level of social media use. To measure the
respondents’ attention span in class, the researchers intend to use a mobile application. These instruments are
further described in the succeeding paragraphs.

Social Media Use Questionnaire. The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess the respondents’ level of
social media use in terms of three factors: form of social media use, frequency of use, and mode of use. It was
developed and tested for validity and reliability by Cruz (2012) for his research on the impact of social media
usage on the academic performance of Grade 10 students in the Philippines. Aside from being recent, the
researchers have decided to use the instruments because it has been constructed with the context of Filipino
students in mind.
 METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

The Instrument
A cover letter addressed to the researchers is attached to the questionnaire explaining the
research, its rationale and purpose, and the general instructions on how to fill out the form.
The questionnaire is composed of four parts. Part one seeks to gather data regarding the
demographic profile of the respondents which includes their sex, age, and JHS program.
Part two of the questionnaire lists down all available forms of social media and instructs the
respondent to check those which they use, as many as applies. Part three seeks to determine
how frequent the respondents use social media by asking them to rate their level of
frequency to 10 statements. Possible responses are limited to a five-point Likert scale: (5)
Always, (4) Often; (3) Sometimes; (2) Seldom; (1) Never.
 METHODOLOGY
What do I do?

Plan for Data Analysis

To answer the questions presented under the Statement of the Problem, the following statistical tools will be
employed:

1. Percentages will be used to present and analyze data regarding the demographic profile of the respondents.

2. Weighted mean will be computed to represent the responses of each respondent to the questionnaire and
their attention span score while standard deviation will be used to determine the degree of variability in these
values. This mean shall be interpreted as follows:

3. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient will be used to determine the degree of relationship
between social media use and attention span. The correlation coefficient will be interpreted as follows (Dela
Cruz, 2005)
RESULTS
What did I find?

Describe the sample Outputs

Who were they? What were the results of
my analyses?

Response Rate
How many did I lose?
DISCUSSION
So what?

Principal Findings Implications

How does what I found fit into For practice? For policy? For
what we already know? further research?

Strengths and Weaknesses Conclusion

What are the strengths & What do I measure?
limitations of my study?
 Research Writing
forGrade 10

03 STARTING POINT

SUGGESTED TOPICS
 SUGGESTED
TOPICS
Qualitative Research
1. An Ethnographic Study of the Learning Practices of Grade 10 (Pilot Students, SPJ, Regular)
2. An Ethnographic Study of Low/High Achieving Students at Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National
High School
3. An Ethnographic Study of K-Pop Fanatics at Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School
4. An Ethnographic Study of Norms of Inclusion Among LGBTQIA Students
5. An Ethnographic Study of Moslem Students at Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School
6. A Phenomenological Study of High School Students’ Perceptions of Mathematics 10
7. A Phenomenological Study of the Attitudes and Perceptions of High School Students Towards
Remediation Program
8. A Phenomenological Study Examining the Experiences of High School Students During the COVID-19
Pandemic
9. Lived Experience of High School Students in Online Learning Modality
10. Lived Experience of High School Students in Modular Learning Modality
 SUGGESTED
TOPICS
Quantitative Research
1. A Descriptive Study on the Impact of Career Guidance to Grade 10 Students
2. Conceptions of High School Students About Fake News
3. Factors Influencing Grade 10 Students in Senior High School Strand Selection
4. A Descriptive Study of Learning Strategies Among Pilot/SPJ/Regular Students
5. Factors Influencing Stress Among Grade 7/8/9/10 Students
6. A Descriptive Study on Vandalism/Bullying at Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School
7. Implications of Technology-based Teaching Among Grade 10 Students
8. The Perceived Effects of Sex Education to Selected High School Students
9. The Effect of Online Learning Modality to High School Students During Pandemic
10. The Effect of Modular Learning Modality to High School Students During Pandemic
11. Potential Factors Affecting Learning Among Struggling Students
12. A Descriptive Study on the Problems in Mathematics/Science/English Language Learning Among High
School Students
 Qualitative Data
Collection
Qualitative Data Collection:
What it is + Methods to do it (questionpro.com)
Qualitative Data Collection

Qualitative data collection is vital in qualitative research.

It helps researchers understand individuals’ attitudes,
beliefs, and behaviors in a specific context.

Several methods are used to collect qualitative data,

including interviews, surveys, focus groups, and
observations.
 Last time we have discussed the importance of collecting qualitative data in the
conduct of qualitative research.
Qualitative Data Collection
Qualitative Data Collection
Qualitative data collection is gathering non-numerical
information, such as words, images, and observations,
to understand individuals’ attitudes, behaviors, beliefs,
and motivations in a specific context.

It is an approach used in qualitative research. It seeks to

understand social phenomena through in-depth
exploration and analysis of people’s perspectives,
experiences, and narratives.
Qualitative Data Collection
The data collected through qualitative methods are often
subjective, open-ended, and unstructured and can
provide a rich and nuanced understanding of complex
social phenomena.
Why we need Qualitative Data?
Qualitative research is a type of study carried out with a
qualitative approach to understand the exploratory
reasons and to assay how and why a specific program
or phenomenon operates in the way it is working.
Why we need Qualitative Data?
Qualitative data collection methods serve the primary
purpose of collecting textual data for research and
analysis, like the thematic analysis. The collected
research data is used to examine:

• Knowledge around a specific issue or a program,

experience of people.
• Meaning and relationships.
• Social norms and contextual or cultural practices
demean people or impact a cause.
Why we need Qualitative Data?
The qualitative data is textual or non-numerical. It covers
mostly the images, videos, texts, and written or spoken
words by the people. You can opt for any digital data
collection methods, like structured or semi-structured
surveys, or settle for the traditional approach
comprising individual interviews, group discussions,
etc.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods
Qualitative data collection methods are exploratory.
Those are usually more focused on gaining insights and
understanding the underlying reasons by digging
deeper.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW)
It is one of the most trusted, widely
used, and familiar qualitative data
collection methods primarily
because of its approach. An
individual or face-to-face interview
is a direct conversation between
two people with a specific structure
and purpose.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
• Structured interviews involve asking set
questions in a given order, mostly
closed-ended.
• Unstructured interviews have no
predetermined questions and are
conducted in an informal manner.
• Semi-structured interviews combine both
elements, using some fixed questions
and some open-ended ones.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods
Open-ended questions allow for detailed,
explanatory, and free-form answers that can
express the respondent’s perspective,
understanding, feelings, or reasons.

Closed-ended questions allow for narrow,

limited, and quantitative answers that can
reveal the respondent’s decision, habits,
preferences, or awareness.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods
The individual interview is a notable method
if the interviewer decides to probe further
and ask follow-up questions to gain more
insights.

The interviewer should prepare an

interview questionnaire to elicit the
interviewee’s knowledge or perspective
related to a topic, event and phenomenon.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (QUALITATIVE SURVEY)
To answer such questions, the respondent
has to write his/her opinion or perspective
concerning a specific topic or issue. Unlike
other collection methods, online surveys
have a wider reach. People can provide you
with quality data that is highly credible and
valuable.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (QUALITATIVE SURVEY)
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE SURVEY
Paper surveys
The survey consists of short text questions,
which are often open-ended. These
questions’ motive is to collect as much
detailed information as possible in the
respondents’ own words. More often, the
survey questionnaires are designed to collect
standardized data and hence used to collect
responses from a larger population or large
sample size.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (QUALITATIVE SURVEY)
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE SURVEY
Online surveys
An online survey or a web survey is prepared using
a prominent online survey software and either
uploaded to a website or emailed to the selected
sample size with the motive of collecting reliable
online data.

Instead of writing down responses, the respondents

use computers and keyboards to type their answers.
With an online survey questionnaire, it becomes
easier and smoother to collect qualitative data.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (FOCUS GROUP)
Focus Group
Focus group discussions can also be
considered a type of interview, but it is
conducted in a group discussion setting.
Usually, the focus group consists of 8 – 10
people (the size may vary depending on the
researcher’s requirement).
The data is collected by noting down the
variations or inconsistencies (if any exist) in
the participants, especially in terms of belief,
experiences, and practice.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods (RECORD KEEPING)
Record keeping
This method uses reliable documents and
other sources of information that already
exist as the data source. This information can
help with the new study. It’s a lot like going to
the library. There, you can look through
books and other sources to find information
that can be used in your research.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods ( CASE STUDIES)
Case studies
In this method, data is collected by looking at
case studies in detail. This method’s
flexibility is shown by the fact that it can be
used to analyze both simple and complicated
topics. This method’s strength is how well it
draws conclusions from a mix of one or more
qualitative data collection methods.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods ( OBSERVATIONS)
Observations
Observation is one of the traditional methods
of qualitative data collection. It is used by
researchers to gather descriptive data by
observing people and their behavior at
events or in their natural settings. In this
method, the researcher is completely
immersed in watching people by taking a
participatory stance to take down notes.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods ( OBSERVATIONS)
There are two main types of observation:

Covert: In this method, the observer is

concealed without letting anyone know that
they are being observed. For example, a
researcher studying the rituals of a wedding
in nomadic tribes must join them as a guest
and quietly see everything.
Effective Qualitative Data Collection
Methods ( OBSERVATIONS)
There are two main types of observation:

Overt: In this method, everyone is aware that

they are being watched. For example, A
researcher or an observer wants to study the
wedding rituals of a nomadic tribe. To
proceed with the research, the observer or
researcher can reveal why he is attending the
marriage and even use a video camera to
shoot everything around him.
Qualitative Data Analysis
Two basic techniques in Data Analysis

Deductive Approach: The deductive data

analysis uses a researcher-defined structure
to analyze qualitative data. This method is
quick and easy when a researcher knows
what the sample population will say.
Inductive Approach: The inductive technique
has no structure or framework. When a
researcher knows little about the event, an
inductive approach is applied.
Qualitative Data Analysis
Two basic techniques in Data Analysis

Deductive Approach: The deductive data

analysis uses a researcher-defined structure
to analyze qualitative data. This method is
quick and easy when a researcher knows
what the sample population will say.
Inductive Approach: The inductive technique
has no structure or framework. When a
researcher knows little about the event, an
inductive approach is applied.
SUGGESTED
TOPICS
Quantitative Research