Transformer Lecture 1
Transformer Lecture 1
Introduction
• A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at
one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage
level through the action of a magnetic field.
• There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
• It involves interchange of electric energy between two or
more electric systems
• Transformers provide much needed capability of changing
the voltage and current levels easily.
– They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate
voltage level for power transfer.
– Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.
Transformer Classification
The relationships between the input voltage and the output voltage,
and between the input current and the output current, are given by
the following equations.
v p t i s t
In instantaneous quantities a
v s t i p t
Ideal Transformers
v p t i s t N p
a
v s t i p t N s
Vp I
In rms quantities s a
Vs I p
v p t i s t N p ………………….. (5)
Equating (3) and (4) a
v s t i p t N s
Power in an Ideal Transformer
Pin V p I p cos p
p s
Real power coming out of the secondary circuit
Vp
Pout V s I s cos s
aI p cos V p I p cos Pin
a
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
Ip Is
Impedance of the load:
ZL = Vs/Is
Vp Vs ZL
The impedance of the primary circuit:
Z’L = Vp/Ip
= (aVs)/(Is /a)
= a2 (Vs / Is )
= a2 ZL
Ip Is
Z’L
Vp Vs
Example 1
Leakage flux: flux that goes through one of the transformer windings
but not the other one
Mutual flux: flux that remains in the core and links both windings
Theory of Operation of Single-Phase Real Transformers
P M LP
S M LS
E1
Magnetization current IM
(current required to produce flux IM
in the core) Io
• open-circuit test
• short-circuit test
Circuit Parameters: Open-Circuit Test
The power factor is always lagging for a transformer, so the current will
lag the voltage by the angle . Therefore, the admittance YE is:
1 1 I
YE j oc cos 1 PF
RC X M Voc
Circuit Parameters: Short-Circuit Test
V
R p a 2 Rs j X p a 2 X s sc cos 1 PF
I sc
• In a per-unit system:
V p , pu Vs , fl , pu
VR .100%
Vs , fl , pu
Where Vs,nl and Vs,fl are the secondary no load and full load voltages
Note, the VR of an ideal transformer is zero.
Transformer phasor diagram
• To determine the VR of a transformer, it is necessary to understand the
voltage drops within it. Usually, the effects of the excitation branch on
transformer VR can be ignored and, therefore, only the series impedances
need to be considered. The VR depends on the magnitude of the
impedances and on the current phase angle.
• A phasor diagram is often used in the VR determinations. The phasor
voltage Vs is assumed to be at 00 and all other voltages and currents are
compared to it.
• Considering the diagram and by applying the Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the
primary voltage is
Vp
Vs Req I s jX eq I s
a
Pout Pout
100% 100%
Pin Pout Ploss
• Note: the same equation describes the efficiency of motors and generators
• Considering the transformer equivalent circuit, we notice three types of
losses:
1. Copper (I2R) losses – are accounted for by the series resistance
2. Hysteresis losses – are accounted for by the resistor Rc.
3. Eddy current losses – are accounted for by the resistor Rc.
• Since the output power is Pout Vs I s Cos
Power Output
Power Input
Power Input Losses
Power Input
Losses
1
Power Input
Pcopper loss Pcore loss
1
Pcopper loss Pcore loss V s I s cos
Series
Winding
Series winding
Common
Winding
Output (up) or input (down) voltage is a sum of voltages across common and series windings .
Common winding
The auto-Transformer
• The voltage and current on the low-voltage side are called VL and IL; the voltage and
current on the high-voltage side are called VH and IH.
VC NC
• For the autotransformers: VSE N SE
N C I C N SE I SE
VL VC I L I C I SE
VH VC VSE I H I SE
Voltage and current relationships in an auto-transformer
• Therefore VL NC
VH N C N SE
• Not all the power traveling from the primary to the secondary winding of the
autotransformer goes through the windings. As a result, an autotransformer can
handle much power than the conventional transformer (with the same windings).
• Considering a step-up autotransformer, the apparent input and output powers are:
S in VL I L
S H VL I L
• where SIO is the input and output apparent powers of the autotransformer. However,
the apparent power in the autotransformer’s winding is
SW VC I C VSE I SE
SW VL ( I L I H ) VL I L VL I H
NC N SE
VL I L VL I L S10
N SE N C N SE N C
The apparent power advantage
• Therefore, the ratio of the apparent power in the primary and secondary of the
autotransformer to the apparent power actually traveling through its windings is
S10 N NC
SE
SW N SE
• Therefore, the autotransformer would have windings rated at slightly over 1 MVA
instead of 5 MVA, which makes is 5 times smaller and, therefore, considerably less
expensive.
• However, the construction of autotransformers is usually slightly different. In
particular, the insulation on the smaller coil (the series winding) of the
autotransformer is made as strong as the insulation on the larger coil to withstand the
full output voltage.
• The primary disadvantage of an autotransformer is that there is a direct physical
connection between its primary and secondary circuits. Therefore, the electrical
isolation of two sides is lost.
PU System
Per unit system, a system of dimensionless parameters, is used for
computational convenience and for readily comparing the performance
of a set of transformers or a set of electrical machines.
Actual Quantity
PU Value
Base Quantity