Assignment 1

UNIT 17: 2D AND 3D DIGITAL

GRAPHICS
Learning aim(s) A: Investigate the purpose
and characteristics of digital graphics that are
an important part of visual communications.

Mercy Ekuban
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Definition of Digital Graphics
 Purpose of digital graphics and it legal requirements.
 Discuss the purpose and characteristics of different digital graphic
 Hardware and software tools for digital graphics
 Evaluation
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
 I have recently started an internship as a digital design specialist for a games design company and part of my role is to help
promote the work of the company. The supervisor has asked me to prepare a detailed presentation on digital graphics and how
they are used. This will be used as part of outreach marketing to schools and colleges. In this presentation I will need to;
 Provide an evaluation of how the technical characteristics of digital graphics impact upon their purpose, usability and
accuracy.
 Cover a range of 2D and 3D digital graphics, including the principles and applications of:
1. Raster and vector images
2. Representing 3D images in digital format, covering geometric theory, mesh construction and rendering
 Cover the principles and applications of hardware and software tools for digital graphics
 Consider legal issues
The presentation will be easy to read and understand by a third party. It will be logically structured and logical chains of
reasoning will be used to support different aspects of the evaluation. I will need to use appropriate technical language throughout
and a high standard of written language.
WHAT IS DIGITAL
GRAPHICS
A digital graphic is an electronic image that combines text and pictures to
improve a website’s look and appeal to users. Digital graphics are mostly used
for advertising and promotion, education, and entertainment. Digital graphics
are a great way to effectively get a message across, whether your target
audience is high-profile clients or everyday customers.
 FIVE PURPOSE OF DIGITAL GRAPHICS
1. To educate: Graphics can be used to educate people. The graphics included in school textbooks are one example of this and
books and magazines can also be educational.
2. To inform: Graphics combining text and images can be used to give a direct message. These graphics might include signs and
posters which direct people around a building, or might be used to tell people what to do or not to do in certain situations (for
example, hazard warnings or safety warning signs).
3. To promote: Digital graphics can be used to promote a product or service. Film posters, for example, promote new movies. Two
examples, one modern and one from the 1940s, are shown to the left. They both keep to certain sets of rules – there are things
that movie posters always have in them.
4. To advertise: Businesses use adverts to promote their products or services. Adverts are often found in magazines or
newspapers as well as online. An advert may be for a specific product or event or may be used to raise the profile of the business
or organisation so that people think know about it.
5. To entertain: Digital graphics can simply be produce to entertain people. Magazines or books are often designed to entertain
and graphics such as magazine or book covers can fall into this purpose.
 TYPES OF DIGITAL GRAPHICS

Digital graphics has two types this are vector graphic and raster graphics.
 A vector image is an image that is composed of mathematical equations.
Vector images are typically used for logos or illustrations.
 Raster images are made up of pixels, while vector images are made up of
paths.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR DIGITAL
GRAPHICS

Legislation in digital graphic refers to the differences between copyright

protected, copyright free, royalty free and use of trademarks. Copyright
legislation is in place to protect the work that is create and prevents it from using
other people's work without their authorisation.
 LEGAL RULES IN DIGITAL GRAPHIC

Contracts: Contracts should be signed by the client in accordance with the terms
and conditions, which sets out what is done in a business (including credit terms,
cancellation fee, if any, which expenses are chargeable to the client). This is
mutually beneficial for all parties involved.
Data Protection: it is a legal requirement that a person comply with the eight
main principles of the Data Protection Act to protect people's privacy.
Copyright: Copyright gives creators the legal right to control the use of their
material, in restricting unauthorized copying and reproduction by others.
Marking a copyright work with the copyright symbol © followed by the name
and the date will warn others against copying it.
DESCRIPTION OF 3D GRAPHICS

 3D graphics are images which are used by computer software's to create

objects in three-dimensional space. In comparison to two-dimensional (2D)
images that exist only as flat images that may use visual tricks, such as
perspective, to create illusion of three-dimensionality. A 3D graphic is
generally created by artists through the creation of a 3D model, consisting of a
wireframe and polygons, which is then textured and lit before being rendered.
DESCRIPTION OF 2D GRAPHICS
 2D graphics are computer-based generation of digital images which is mostly
from two-dimensional models and by techniques specific to them. The word
stands for the branch of computer science that compose such techniques, or for
the models themselves.2D computer graphics are used in applications that was
originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies,
namely, typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, and so on. In
those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a
real-world object, but an independent artefact with added semantic value; two-
dimensional models are therefore preferred, for they give more direct control
of the image than 3D computer graphics (whose approach is more akin to
photography than to typography).
VECTOR GRAPHIC

There are two types of digital graphic. These are vector graphics and raster graphics.
Vector Graphics: A vector image is a digital image that is composed of geometric shapes, examples are points, lines, and
curves. Vector files are often used in graphic design for illustrations and logos, as well as in other applications where a
high-resolution image is not needed. This is because vector images are composed of geometric shapes, they can be edited
and manipulated to change their appearance without becoming "blocky" or "pixelated." Additionally, since vector images
are composed of mathematical formulas rather than pixels, they can be enlarged or reduced in size without losing any
quality. Vector images also have five most common formats, these are AI, EPS, PDF, and SVG.
 COMMON VECTOR FILE TYPES

 AI: AI also know as Adobe Illustrator is the proprietary Adobe file type for vector images. AI files render
Illustrator drawings, logos, and illustrations in a high degree of detail. Their small file sizes and easy
scalability make them a popular choice for many designers and illustrators. They’re also very versatile,
allowing for layering and transparency where other file types don’t.
 EPS: EPS is a vector file format which required for professional and high-quality image printing. PostScript
printers and image setters typically use EPS to produce vast, detailed images — such as billboard advertising,
large posters, and attention-grabbing marketing collateral.
 PDF: Portable Document Format commonly known as PDF is a file format, and probably the one most people
are familiar with. PDFs are cross-platform documents which look the same no matter where they're viewed.
They were originally created in Adobe systems and displayed in Adobe Reader, however, now there are dozens
of programs which can work with PDF files.
 SVG: The Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format is a relatively modern format which is easier to work with
than many others. These files are commonly used online, because they're easy to place on websites and look
great on any display or device.
FEATURES OF A VECTOR GRAPHICS

 Vector graphics are made of shapes called objects.

 Each object can be edited separately in other to change the shapes, colour, size
and positions.
 the vector graphic are Scalable.
 Files size of a vector graphic are very small.
WHAT VECTOR GRAPHICS ARE USED
FOR

Scalability: Vector formats are good for projects that require scalable graphics, including
scalable type and text. An example would be, all companies and brands logos are displayed at
different sizes; they show up in the corner of a mobile application or on a roadside billboard. A
logo which created with vector graphics can be scaled up or down without loss of quality or
creating a large file.
App and web development: Vector graphics are useful in Apps and web development because
web apps and the graphics when contain must work with various screen sizes and device types.
Animation: Animated images are also usually created as vector files, which provide for cleaner
and smoother images.
Computer-aided design (CAD): Computer-aided design programs frequently use vector files for
manufacturing, engineering and design because of it scalability and ease when it comes to
editing the mathematical formulas.
USES OF VECTOR GRAPHICS

 For Advertising campaigns  Hard copy printing (clothing, paper, etc.)

 For Animations  Infographics
 App or website interfaces  Landing pages
 Event promotions  Magazine covers
 They are used in Band illustrations and t-shirt  Mobile apps
designs  PowerPoint presentations
 Brand collateral like logos and signage  Products and merchandise
 Embroidery
 Vector graphic are mostly used in Fonts
 WHAT IS RASTER
A raster image ALSO KNOWN AS bitmap image ARE images composed of a matrix of pictures elements, or pixels, arranged
in rows and columns. The pixels are usually small TO THE POINT that they cannot be distinguished by the human eye. The
word “raster” WAS DERIVED from the fact that these images are sometimes drawn on a computer screen in a way similar to
how they would be drawn on a television or other raster-scan display. Raster images are MOSTLY used for digital
photographs, they can also be used for illustrations, logos, and any other type of image. Raster images are made up of pixels,
which INVOLVES tiny dots of colour. When THE IMAGES IS zoomed in on a raster image, THE USER can see the
individual pixels that make up the image. Raster images are often used in digital photography, as well as in web design and
other applications where a high-resolution image is needed. This is a result of the way they are stored, raster images can
sometimes appear "blocky" or "pixelated" when they are enlarged. JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, and TIFF are the five most
common raster formats.
 COMMON RASTER FILE TYPES

 JPEG: JPEG files are commonly used for photographs. This is because they can create small files that retain a high
level of image quality. However, JPEG files are not as well-suited for line drawings or other types of detailed
images. They have the file extension .jpg.
 GIF: GIF files are usually used for logos and other simple graphics, as they can create small files with limited
colour palettes. GIF files are well-suited for animation. They have the file extension .gif.
 PNG: PNG files are similar to GIF files in many ways, but they offer a few advantages, such as the ability to
include transparency information and support for a wider range of colours. They have the file extension .png.
 BMP: BMP files are often large and uncompressed, making them unsuitable for use on the web. But, they offer
high image quality and are well-suited for desktop applications.
 TIFF: TIFF files are mostly used by professional photographers as they offer high image quality and a wide range
of compression options. They have the file extension .tiff.
FEATURES OF RASTER GRAPHIC

 Photographic images
 Images stored as pixels
 Higher number of pixels
 Subtle changes can be made to an image
 Bitmap editing software
USES OF RASTER GRAPHIC

 Raster images are often used for digital photographs, as well as in web design
and other applications where a high-resolution image is needed.
 Raster image files use pixels to display high-quality photos and graphics.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RASTER AND VECTOR
IMAGE

Vector Graphics Raster Graphic

They cost more compared to raster graphics Raster graphic cost less.
File extensions: AI, EPS, PDF, and SVG File extensions: JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, and
TIFF
They draw continuous and smooth lines They can draw mathematical curves,
polygons and boundaries of curved
primitives only by pixel approximation.
Vector graphics composed of paths Raster composed of pixels
PRINCIPLES OF 3D GRAPHICS

3D Graphics is the process of recreating objects or subjects which exist in the

real world, in a digital medium. It’s essential to a variety of different fields of
creativity from augmented reality, virtual reality, animation, packaging design,
and so much more. There are a few principles of 3D graphics to first start out in
learning.
START WITH AN IDEA

 An Idea is always needed when it comes to art and creative works. An

example would be just as a painter or sculptor may have an idea or image in
their head that they are trying to bring to life, so should 3D digital artists and
modelers. An idea is the starting point and foundation of creative pursuit.
REFERENCE FROM MATERIALS AND TOOLS

It’s easy to know why it’s so important to have real-life reference materials for a
3D graphics. Once the idea is established and gathered the appropriate reference
materials for the design, you’re ready to bring your ideas to life in a 3D
modelling tool such as Blender or 3DS Max Online! Those are just some of the
more popular tools however, as the world of 3D art and modelling continues to
expand, the number of tools available continues to grow.
MODELLING & TEXTURING

When you’ve got your concept down pat, you can start creating a model of your
idea. Think of this as creating a three dimensional canvas or blueprint for your
3D graphics. When you are modelling, you are literally sculpting the structure of
your 3D subject or object. Adding texture to your 3D model, is what gives your
object form and depth. When texturizing the model, you are basically trying to
simulate materials or surfaces or effects that exist in real life. The process of
adding texture detail to a baseball will differ vastly from that of a velvet pillow.
ENVIRONMENT

3D Graphics need environments just as photographs or paintings require

background or context in order to make sense. The environment you put your 3D
model in, supports the story that you are trying to tell. This may include lights,
shadows, and textural patterns. Backgrounds or environments are often vital to
your 3D model. For example, if you are creating an architectural render of a
room or office, you want to make sure that your environment is accurate and
detailed in order to create the full context.
PERSPECTIVE

Perspective informs the viewers’ attention in digital render. When you create your
render, it should be from a specific angle that informs not only your subject or
object, but its environment and surroundings as well. Perspective also has an
emotional impact on the viewer. An examples, creating a render with a
perspective looking upwards at a building or statue gives the viewer a feeling of
grandiosity and power.
PRINCIPLES OF 2D GRAPHICS

The principles of a good 2D design are guiding designers through a design

process. The aim is to create effective and aesthetically pleasing outcomes. These
principles all relate to the use of elements (line, colour, shape, texture, and
space).
BALANCE

How the elements within a composition are arranged either symmetrically,

asymmetrically, or radially to create the impression of equality in weight or
importance is due to balance.
PATTERN

 Pattern is the repetition of specific visual elements such as a single unit or

multitude of forms. Patterns can be used to create balance, organize surfaces in
a consistent manner, or create contrast.
MOVEMENT AND RHYTHM

How the eye moves throughout the composition; leading the attention from one
aspect to another is how movement works. This can be achieved by using
repeating or alternating elements or patterns. How often something repeats and
the intensity of its contrast creates rhythm.
UNITY, EMPHASIS, HARMONY, AND
CONTRAST

 Unity – providing a sense of cohesiveness

 Emphasis – determining the most important visual centre
 Harmony – combining similar or related elements
 Contrast – comparing one extreme to another
HARDWARE REQUIRED FOR DIGITAL
GRAPHICS.

 Keyboard  LCD
 Mouse  LED
 Data tablet  Plasma screens
 Scanner  Printers
 Light pen  Vector Devices- Plotters
 Touch screen  Oscilloscopes
 Joystick
 Raster Devices- CRT
SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR DIGITAL
GRAPHICS.

 Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Photoshop is arguably the most popular graphic design software
and is used by millions of artists around the world.
 Adobe Illustrator.
 Mega Creator.
 Adobe InDesign.
 Xara Designer Pro X.
 Gravity Designer.
 Genially.
 Canva.
 Blender
ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

 Adobe Photoshop is a common source of software in graphic design. The

developers of this program are Adobe Creative, and they have developed the
latest iteration of Adobe Photoshop Cs6. Compared to earlier iterations of the
app, including Adobe Photoshop Cs5, this edition has many great features.
Adobe Photoshop preserves. PSD files, but it is possible to save the final
picture to another file size, including such. JPEG. Including gadgets, including
a touch screen, Adobe Photoshop works quite well. Within the digital graphics
area, this program has many functional capabilities which can be helpful for an
individual, such as users logging in and many more.
FEATURE OF ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

Adobe Photoshop is a complex program with many features.

These are just a few features that make Adobe Photoshop a
powerful program. With its vast array of features, it is no
wonder that it is one of the most popular programs for crafting
digital images.
Layers are one of the most powerful features in Photoshop.
They allow users to create complex images by adding different
elements on top of each other. Users can control the opacity
and order of the layers, which gives them much flexibility
when creating images.
Selection tools allow users to select specific parts of an image
to edit them without affecting the rest of the image.
Blending modes let users change how different layers interact,
creating interesting effects.
BLENDER

Blender is a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software toolset for

creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D-printed models, motion graphics,
interactive 3D applications, virtual reality, and video games.
Blender's features include 3D modeling, UV mapping, texturing, digital drawing,
raster graphics editing, rigging and skinning, fluid and smoke simulation, particle
simulation, soft body simulation, sculpting, animation, match moving, rendering,
motion graphics, video editing, and compositing.
FEATURE OF BLENDER

 Modeling
Forensic facial reconstruction of a mummy by Cícero Morae Blender has support for a variety of geometric
primitives, including polygon meshes, Bézier curves, NURBS surfaces, metaballs, icospheres, text, and an n-
gon modeling system called B-mesh. There is also an advanced polygonal modeling system which can be
accessed through an edit mode. It supports features such as extrusion, bevelling, and subdividing.
 Modifiers
Modifiers apply non-destructive effects, which can be applied upon rendering or exporting, such as
subdivision surfaces.

 Sculpting
Blender has multi-resolution digital sculpting, which includes the dynamic topology, "baking," re-meshing, re-
symmetriz ation, and decimation. The latter is used to simplify models for exporting purposes (an example
being game assets).
 Geometry nodes
Geometry Nodes Editor in Blender 3.2Blender has a geometry node system for procedurally and non-destructively creating
and manipulating geometry. It was first added to Blender 2.92, focusing on object scattering and instancing. It takes the form
of a modifier so that it can be stacked over other different modifiers. The system uses object attributes, which can be
modified and overridden with string inputs. Attributes can include positions, normal, and UV maps. All attributes can be
viewed in an attribute spreadsheet editor. The Geometry Nodes utility also has the capability of creating primitive meshes.
Blender 3.0 added support for creating and modifying curve objects to Geometry Nodes. In Blender 3.0, the Geometry
Nodes workflow was redesigned entirely with fields to make the system more intuitive and work like shader nodes.

 Simulation
Cloth simulation
Blender can simulate smoke, rain, dust, cloth, fluids, hair, and rigid bodies.

 Fluid simulation
Physics fluid simulation
The fluid simulator simulates liquids pouring into a cup like water. It uses Lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) to simulate
fluids and allows plenty of particle adjustment and resolution. The particle physics fluid simulation creates particles that
follow the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics method. Blender has simulation tools for soft-body dynamics, including mesh
collision detection, LBM fluid dynamics, smoke simulation, Bullet rigid-body dynamics, an ocean generator with waves, a
particle system that includes support for particle-based hair, and real-time control during physics simulation and rendering.
DISCUSS THE PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT
DIGITAL GRAPHIC PRODUCTS, INCLUDING HOW THEY IMPACT ON
THEIR USABILITY AND ACCURACY.

 The reason behind using digital graphics on CDs, DVDs, and posters:
Such items' advertising should reflect the device's design. These would
have gazed, in some cases, which include unique pieces of material,
including an entertainment package title, the band as well as branded
products, the songs utilized throughout this, the author's name, and
many more.
ADVERTISING

 In print publications, including print publications, commercials of different

forms are utilized. They are often throughout several surfaces of cars, trucks,
and buses, along with banners, including billboards. Mainly on the internet,
users could also find commercials. The identical commercial could be utilized
both digitally and in media. Graphical ads can be illustrated for several
purposes, except visual attractiveness and improved room utilization. None of
these will be expected.
IMAGES ON WEBSITES

 Graphics are used on websites to render themselves appear accessible to

visitors as well as to create it easier for visitors to recognize whatever the
website is really regarding. Graphics include posters at the start of sections,
photographs, or specific images, including symbols that signify that a link
would access a video or audio document.
VIDEO GAMES

 Graphics have become frequently utilized by others. For instance, thumbnails

could mix in starting screens, menu bars, and ending credits. Though digital
graphics become commonly utilized throughout animation products, the whole
system does indeed have such types of graphics.
MAGAZINES

 On magazine covers, documents and photos become utilized to tempt viewers

and highlight the issue's vital attributes. Every other magazine covering
contains something type of content. The nature of the design would be
intended to persuade viewers. The primary demographic should decide the
design of the design. Within sections of publications would also feature a
graphic design.
EVALUATE THE PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
DIFFERENT DIGITAL GRAPHIC PRODUCTS, INCLUDING
HOW THEY IMPACT ON THEIR USABILITY AND ACCURACY.
 Benefits
Working digitally
Digital jobs remain extremely common, but graphic design is one of the most in-demand careers within that environment. Users could function as
talented visual artists through the convenience of their private residence, arranging the working hours as they see appropriate, and increasing their
earnings if users currently provide a full-time job. If users realize that it is entirely secure to operate as a web developer with such a respectable
salary, they could eventually commit the full-time job to outsource; however, users should arrange and categorize even though they think the
entire job will relate only to themselves.
 The conceptual aspect
Users who have much creativity, as well as creativity, may find development work to be rewarding. Influential architects recognize possibilities
throughout the conceptual environment, including, in several situations, producing concepts that shape the potential of commodities,
publications, as well as platforms. Graphic designers often resolve issues by integrating concepts, and reimagining conventional products,
including finding out whether to satisfy the specific expectations of a variety of customers, including marketing firms, government departments,
and even project management divisions. Users that appreciate applying their imagination to resolve problems will practice graphic design.
 Limitations
Limits
Many graphic designers are irritated by the distinction between preferences and reality. Once individuals enter the field through graphic design,
they anticipate a variety of creative freedom and the opportunity to try out innovative thoughts. In reality, graphic designers operate alongside
various partners (internal and external), each having their own set of needs and desires, including preferences. In addition, to achieve outcomes
that respond to a wide variety of individuals, graphic designers should constantly interact with their designers' expectations, including limitations.
Imprecision in communication, including development.
As a combination of ownership and possible implications, specific promotional issues arise, including their growing perception of the
application, software discrepancies, and meanings.
 Instance
 1. When a developer produces a logo using raster technology only to find later that it could instead become
developed utilizing vector graphics. The importance of knowing the difference between raster and vector
could be mentioned further here.
 Explanation
 Vector graphics, unlike raster graphics, become composed of pathways, each containing a complex equation
(vector) that defines whether the pathway is formed and whatever color it has also covered or loaded
forwards.
 Although columns may sometimes utilize to simulate pictures, they are better adapted to models featuring
neutral tones and straight lines. Vector images cannot provide identical color patterns, highlights, or coloring
as raster graphics because vector photographs are constructed out of shapes that each provide their color.
 As designers, we should have realized that all logo-making should happen in a vector environment using
software like Adobe illustrator. Because the logo does not have a fixed size but may need to be
proportionally scaled up or down, it is evident that it should have been in vector.
IN CONCLUSION
Computer visuals have already revolutionized the environment and are utilized in a variety of sectors
everywhere over the globe. Since digital graphics can be in a variety of formats, these could be distributed to a
variety of systems as well as applications. Digital graphics are increasingly utilized all over the planet on
everything from blogs to advertisements and journals, including red flags all over the planet, due to the
increasing rise of social media. As a result, it could be deemed a standard and precious feature throughout
everyone’s day-to-day lives. The ease with which digital graphics can be used is among the essential
explanations for their popularity. Furthermore, digital graphics can be formed using a range of technology
with both 2D and 3D applications, including each technology providing its range of attributes. Besides that, in
an attempt to generate digital graphics, a pretty capable machine is needed, as it needs additional Processor
and Graphics Processing Unit capacity than traditional simple routines.
These are some disadvantages regarding digital graphics, along with gaming incorporation, whereby users
become cut off from culture, acquaintances, and families due to technical advances in digital graphics,
including entertainment. Furthermore, due to convenient access to information thru the internet, artwork,
including content produced through electronic content, could be readily transferred, replicated, as well as
distributed despite the authorization of the creator, which could be a significant problem in case of
confidentiality, including intellectual property regulations for designers and software engineers.
To conclude, graphics have become a beneficial method since they find things simpler to produce flyers,
logos, and similar material, which could reproduce as opposed to conventional sketches before the advent of
digital graphics. Additionally, people have figured prominently in films and video games in terms of offering
the most authentic service possible.
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