Renal anatomy and
physiology
By:Abisegan
Kidney
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs
Located on either side of the spine, just below
the rib cage.
They are responsible for filtering blood,
removing waste products and excess water,
and regulating the body’s fluid and electrolyte
balance.
Anatomy of kidney
The kidney is composed of several layers of tissue,
Renal cortex (outer layer),
Renal medulla (inner layer),
Renal pelvis (the funnel-shaped structure that connects
the kidney to the ureter).
Renal medulla are structures called renal pyramids
Nephrons
Renal medulla are structures called renal pyramids, which
contain nephrons –
This is the functional units of the kidney.
Each nephron consists of a glomerulus (a network of tiny
blood vessels),
Bowman’s capsule (a cup-shaped structure that surrounds
the glomerulus),
Tubule (a long, twisted tube that leads from the
Bowman’s capsule to the renal pelvis).
Physiology
Filtration:
The glomerulus filters blood,
removing waste products and excess fluid,
while leaving behind important
substances such as red blood cells and
proteins.
Reabsorption
Asthe filtered fluid travels through the
tubules
essentialsubstances such as glucose, amino
acids, and electrolytes are reabsorbed back
into the bloodstream.
Secretion
Thetubules also secrete certain substances
(such as drugs and toxins) into the urine,
which helps to eliminate them from the
body.
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte
balance:
The kidneys help to maintain a balance
of fluids and electrolytes (such as
sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the
body by adjusting the amount of water
and electrolytes that are excreted in
the urine.
Regulation of blood pressure:
The kidneys produce hormones
(such as renin) that help to regulate blood
pressure by constricting or dilating blood
vessels.
Ureters
The ureters are two narrow tubes that connect
the kidneys to the bladder.
They transport urine from the kidneys to the
bladder.
Ingeneral, the diameter of the ureters is around
3-4 millimeters, and the length is approximately
25-30 centimeters
Bladder
The bladder is a muscular sac located in the
pelvic region that stores urine until it is
eliminated from the body.
It expands as it fills with urine and contracts to
empty the urine through the urethra.
On average, an adult bladder can hold about 400-
600 milliliters (ml) of urine when it is comfortably
full. However, some people may have a smaller or
larger bladder capacity.
Urethra
The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder
to the outside of the body.
In males, the urethra also plays a role in ejaculation by
passing semen through the penis
The female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and is
about 3-4 cm long. It extends from the bladder to the
external urethral orifice, which is located between the
clitoris and the vaginal opening.
pathology
Renal scaring
Renal mass
Phyronephrotis
Ectopic kidney
VU reflex
Policystic kidney
Ectopic kidney
Hydronephrosis
PUJ obstruction
Radiopharmaceuticals used for renal
scan
We have 3 types of R.P based on characteristics
They
Glomerular filtration agent
Tc⁹⁹m-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid)
Tc⁹⁹m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
I131-Iothalamate
I123-Iothalamate
Tubular secretion agent
Tc⁹⁹m-EC(ethylene dicysteine)
Tc⁹⁹m-MAG3(mercaptoacetyltriglycine)
Tubular fixesation agents
Tc⁹⁹m G.H(glucoheptonate)
Tc⁹⁹m DMSA-3(dimercaptosuccinicacid)
Dose
3mCi-5mCi adult dose
For child dose based on the
Webstare rule
Age+1/Age+7 ×adultdose
