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Animal Health Mentoring Framework
By
Dr Muhammad Tariq Aziz
Community Animals Health Officer
Brooke Layyah
1
March 31, 2022
What is AHMF?
.
Responsibilities of Animal Healthcare
Providers
Animal Welfare Advocate
• Welfare-friendly consultation process Practical application of the five freedoms
relating to handling, restraint, distress, and pain.
Five Freedoms
Animal Welfare Issues in Layyah
Wounds:
Poor Body Conditions Scoring:
Lameness:
Eye Issues:
Equine Handling & Restraining
How to approach the Animal
• Danger Zone
• Restraining of Animal
• Physical Methods
• Chemical Methods
Equine Health Management
• Colic
• Tetanus
• Blood Protozoa
Colic
• Number one killer of horses!
• Definition
• Clinical signs associated with abdominal pain
• Encompasses a wide variety of disease processes
• Includes gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal causes of pain
• The gut is the shock organ of the horse
Sources of Pain
• Distention of viscus • Mucosal
• Gas injury/inflammation
• Fluid • Ulceration
• Ingesta • Infiltration
• Mesenteric tension • Alterations in motility
• Peritoneal pain • Uncoordinated
• Peritonitis • Hypermotility
• Adhesions
Gastrointestinal Causes
• Spasmodic
• Obstruction
• Inflammation
• Infection
• Ulceration
• Thromboembolism
• Neoplasia
• Peritonitis Renal disease
• Septic peritonitis • Acute renal failure
• Uroabdomen • Hydronephrosis
• Hemoabdomen • Urinary tract obstruction
• Hepatic disease Reproductive disease/trauma
• Cholangiohepatitis • Uterine torsion
• Pyrrolizidine alkaloid • Uterine artery rupture
toxicosis • Endometritis
• Hepatic lipidosis Any intra-abdominal abscess
• Neoplasia
• Pleuritis
• Pericarditis
Clinical Signs
• Frequently looking at their side.
• Biting or kicking their flank or belly.
• Lying down and/or rolling.
• Little or no passing of manure.
• Passing dry or mucus (slime)-covered manure.
• Poor eating behavior, may not eat all their grain or hay.
• Change in drinking behavior.
• Heart rate over 45 to 50 beats per minute.
• Long capillary refill time.
• Off-colored mucous membranes.
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Principles of Medical Rx
of Colic
1. Pain control
2. Laxatives
3. Fluids
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• NSAID
• Laxative
• Fluid Therapy
– Maintenance
• 40-100 ml/kg/day
(~24-30 L/500 kg)
– 6-8 gallons/day
• General guide:
– 2-4 ml/kg/hr
– (1-2 L/hr/500 kg)
Tetanus
• A soil borne organism- infects through openings in the skin ie. cuts,
foaling injury
• Horses are very susceptible to it
• The vaccine is highly efficacious
• Very difficult to treat once clinical signs appear so prevention is key
• Anti-toxin is not available
Clinical Signs
• Stiff legged gait
• Tail held stiffly
• Ears pricked forward
• Facial muscles and anxious expression.
• Muscles spasms and twitching.
Treatment ?
Blood Protozoa of Equines
• Equine piroplasmosis
• Surra
• Dourine
Equine Piroplasmosis
• Equine Piroplasmosis is a blood-borne protozoal infection of horses
caused by Theileria (Babesia) equi and/or Babesia caballi.
• Incubation period of equine piroplasmosis associated with T. equi is
12 to 19 days and approximately 10 to 30 days when caused by B.
caballi
Transmission
• There are at least 14 tick species in the genera Dermacentor,
Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus that may be potential
natural vectors for spreading T. equi and B. caballi. Ticks must feed
on an EP positive horse in order to spread the organism and some
tick species can serve as a reservoir transmitting the infection to
future generations of ticks through its eggs. The disease can also be
spread by iatrogenic means through blood and blood-contaminated
equipment.
• Clinical signs of acute EP
• Intermittent fever (> 40˚C), sudden sweating
• Anaemia, icterus
• Petechial haemorrhage of third eyelid
• High heart rate and respiratory rate
• Oedema of muzzle, limbs, ventral abdomen and thorax
• Hind limb weakness, reluctance to move, tremors
• Haemoglobinuria and dry faeces
• May lead to death within a few days (mortality 5–10% in endemic areas)
Diagnosis
• History
• Clinical Signs
• Blood Examination
Treatment
Imidocarb diproprionate
• 4 mg/kg is recommended with interval of 72 hrs for T.equi
• 1-2 mg/kg
Diminazine aceturate
• 5 mg/kg for B. caballi,
• 6–12 mg/kg for T. equi
Equine Trypanosomiasis
• Surra
• Dourine
Surra
• Trypanosoma evansi
Tabanids (horse flies) and Stomoxys(stable flies)
Clinical Signs
• Weight Loss
• Progressive weakness
• Anaemia
• Haemoglobinuria
• Intermittent fever
• Petechial haemorrhage of mucous membranes
• Oedema of limbs, lower abdomen and thorax
• Severe neurological signs
Clinical Signs
Dourine
• Venereal disease of equids caused by T. equiperdum and transmitted
mechanically when mating.
• T. equiperdum is the only trypanosome that is not transmitted by an
invertebrate vector.
Clinical Signs
• A mucopurulent discharge from the penis or vulva and oedema
around the area, is the most common initial presenting sign.
• Generalised clinical signs can include fever, oedema, anaemia and
wasting.
Treatment
• Ketoprofen 2.2 mg/kg (NSAID)
• Pheniramine maleate 0.25 mg/kg (anti-histamine)
• Fluid therapy
• Quinapyramine sulphate 3 mg/kg
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