What is the difference between 

these two pictures ? 

 Structure is : -a - a form of
construction . something .

WHAT IS STRUCTURE ?

-  a building . -  a frame -  organisation

work . of something .
 The way a text is organized is called : Text Structure.

 Text structure: is the organisation of the ideas and the

given information in a piece of writing .
 Text Structure refers to how a text or any piece of
writing is built / constructed / organized / formed
 UNDERSTANDING TEXT STRUCTURE 
 Builders can use different kinds of  Writers use different structures
structures to build different things to build / organize their ideas.
  A skyscraper, for example, is a   Each text structure explain
different kind of structure from a ideas in a different way 
house .
STRUCTURE (ORGANIZATION)

Non-
Fiction 
Fiction 
 STRUCTURE (ORGANIZATION)

Story Elements: 
Fiction
  Characters : beings that take part in
the story,they can be people, animals or even objects like pencils or robots
  Setting :The time, place and location 

  Problem/Solution:a challenge or obstacle, conflict in the story ,

that  the characters find a way to change, fix , or figure out the problem 
   Plot : the order of events in a story
 STRUCTURE (ORGANIZATION)
Non- Fiction
Sequence  / Chronological order

Cause and Effect

Description 

Compare and Contrast

Problem/Solution 
 SEQUENCE  / CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
 To explain how things , events happen in order 

 Information is listed step by step             

 To explain how to do things in order ( directions, tips,recipe  instructions... )

• First, second, third…
•History
later in order ( examples: in 1989, through the ages …) 
• next • before • What items, events, or steps are listed? •
• then • finally Do they have to/always
happen in this order? • What sequence
• after/later • when of events is being described?
• since • now/previously • What are the major incidents that occur? •
• actual use of dates How is this structure revealed in the text?
Find the clue words that show the  chronological order or
the sequence
Through the ages, Pennsylvania has
Through the ages, Pennsylvania has
seen many interesting events. The
seen many interesting events. The
state was founded in 1681 by
state was founded in 1681 by William
William Penn. Later, Pennsylvania
Penn. Later, Pennsylvania was the site
was the site of important
of important Revolutionary War
Revolutionary War battles. After
battles. After that, Pennsylvania was
that, Pennsylvania was the site of
the site of important Revolutionary
important Revolutionary War
War battles. After that, Pennsylvania
battles. After that, Pennsylvania was
was home to new factories during the
home to new factories during the
Industrial Revolution. Today,
Industrial Revolution. Today,
Pennsylvania continues to make
Pennsylvania continues to make
history.
history.
Have you ever made a macaroni Have you ever made a macaroni
and cheese it is very simple. First and cheese! it is very simple. First
boil some water and make some boil some water and make some
macaroni,Then make your cheese macaroni, Then make your cheese
sauce after the cheese sauce is sauce after the cheese sauce is
ready mix it with the macaroni ready mix it with the macaroni
bake the entirety and the bake the entirety and the
oven, Finally it's time to eat!  oven, Finally it's time to eat
 • CAUSE AND EFFECT
Provide explanations or
reasons for phenomena,an
event, a concept,an idea.
• if/then
• reasons why
• as a result
• therefore
• because
• consequently
• What happened?
• since
• Why did it happen?
• so that
• What caused it to
• for
happen?
• due to
 Sand castles do not last long on
an ocean beach.The water levels change   When a building is abandoned, nature
with the tide. When the tide is low, the  takes over. Animals such as mice, snakes,
waves don't come all the way up and bats move in. Vines grow on the
the beach. When the tide comes in, at outside. Snow and rain cause wood to rot
high tide, the water comes farther up and beams to break. When the roof finally
the beach. As collapses, trees and weeds can grow inside
a result, sand castles get destroyed by the building.
the strong waves.
 DESCRIPTION 
 Describing something :/an object /  a person /
an animal / a topic
 Using adjectives and adverbs  The pond was a beautiful place
Slowly , large, dark, cold 
to visit. The falling leaves, all
different colors, decorated the
surface of the water. At the
The main idea 
edges of the pond, small
wildflowers grew. The golden
All of the other sentences forest glowed faintly in the
explain and describe why the distance.
main idea is true 
Describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, attributes, and
examples
- For example ​
1- What are the most - Characteristics ​
Important characteristics?  - For instance ​
2- How is it being described - Such as​
3- (what does it look like,how does it  - Including ​
work, etc.)?  - To illustrate​
4- What is important to remember
about it?
 • COMPARE AND CONTRAST
 Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena, showing how they are different
and how they are similar
 •However/yet
• nevertheless
• on the other hand
• but/where as
• similarly
• although
• also/likewise
1-What items are being compared? 2- In what ways • in contrast/comparison
are they similar? Different? 3- What conclusion • different
does the author reach about these items? 4- What • either/or
conclusion does the author reach about these • in the same way/just as
items?
 Hurricanes and tornadoes are both amazing but deadly natural
phenomena.  Both generate deadly conditions, but in different ways.
Tornadoes are likely to damage both people and property with their
high winds,which go up to 300 miles per hour; however hurricanes are
generally more feared because of their flooding. Also, hurricanes can
produce tornadoes which make them dangerous, indeed.
 • PROBLEM/SOLUTION 
Identify problems and pose solutions
• problem is  / difficulty 
• What is the problem? • dilemma is / struggle
 • Why is this a problem?  • if/then / uncertainty/
• Is anything being done to try trouble
to solve the problem? • because / worry / threat 
 • What can be done to solve • so that / possibility / hope 
the problem? • question/answer
• puzzle is solved
In northern areas, the weather is too cold to grow crops all year
long. But some farmers have found a way to grow food all year. A
greenhouse is a special building that stays warm in the winter, Crops
like lettuce and basil can grow well in the greenhouse, even when
the weather is cold!
PRACTICE