SALEM COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MAGESH BOOPATHI R 622419114011

 Waterjet propulsion is said to be the oldest mechanical propulsion device considered for use is ships.
Attempts to use waterjet propulsion were first made in the 17th century Later, in 1775 Benjamin Franklin
again proposed the use of waterjets and such a device was actually used in 1782 by James Rumsey to
propel an 81-foot vessel on the River Potomac.

 In the present form, a waterjet propulsion unit costs of a pump inside the ship which draws water from
outside, imparts an acceleration to it and discharges it in a jet, above the waterline at the stars, the jet
reaction providing the thrust to propel the ship. By directing the jet sideways the ship can be
maneuvered, and by deflecting the jet forward an astern thrust can be obtained.

 Waterjet propulsion is less efficient than conventional screw propulsion at moderate speeds, but for high
speed craft, waterjets may have a higher efficiency. Waterjet propulsion should be considered for ships of
moderate sue having speeds exceeding 25 knots.
HOW ARE WATER JET CRAFTS OPERATED

 The main control includes a throttling lever, a steering wheel and a lever to lower or raise the
astern deflector.

 For acceleration in forward direction, the throttling lever is gradually increased with the deflector
kept in a raised position . In this condition the thrust generated by fluid exiting the nozzle is
directed in a aft direction, thus propelling in the vessel forwards. By adjusting the throttling lever,
the speed of the vessel can be changed as the fluid exits at faster rates.

 For turning operation, the steering wheel is used in conjunction with the throttle. The direction is
controlled by the wheel, while the rate off turning is subject to throttling. To obtain light turns,
high throttle and sharp rotation of the wheel are required.
 For reverse, the aster deflector is towered and the throttle increased. As the throttle increases, the
water jets exiting me nozzle am redirected downwards and in a reverse manner sing the
hydrodynamic shape of the deflector. This causes the vessel to move in reverse direction. To turn
while reversing, the wheel is used to change the direction of the water jet leaving the deflector.
While steering is good practice to remember that the bow always points the drain which the
steering wheel has been rotated.
GEOMETRY OF WATER JET PROPULSION SYSTEM

 A) Inlet
 B) Pump
 C) Reducer
 D) Bucket
INLET

 The shape of the bottom opening which is in flush with the bottom of the hull needs to be very
carefully designed as it transitions from flush up into the jet.

 The size of the inlet opening controls the speed of the flow at the inlet.

 Major parameters for the inlet design.

I. Inlet angle.

II. Ramp tangency point

III. Ramp radius

IV. Transition angle and the transition length.

V. Rending radius.

VI. Shaft diameter.

 The waterjet inlet is therefore made wide laterally so that the boundary layer thickness may be
reduced over a greater width.

 water ingestion also causes an increase in the relative velocity of water around the hull and a
decrease in pressure (or thrust deduction". It is therefore desirable not to locate the inlet too close to
the stern where the decreased pressure would cause a large increase in resistance.

 An increased inlet duct length would also cause a larger loss in buoyancy to the ship and occupy more
internal space.

 The inlet duct must provide good pressure recovery and low flow distortion.

 The inlet should be located so that there is no possibility of ingestion of air.

 Pumps are categorized into axial, mixed and centrifugal flow pumps based on the angle of inflow
and outflow

 Modern waterjet manufacturers use axial flow type impellers because it is light weight.

 After the impeller there is a stator. The static blades are shaped just like the aerodynamic shape of
the impeller.

 A good designed impeller combined with the stator can produce pump with efficiency of 90%or
greater.

 At the pump cavitation problem often occurs on the suction side when the pump suction pressure
is too low or under its saturation pressure.

 NPSH value should be positive to avoid cavitation.

The nozzle converts the pressure into a jet of fast moving water.

Waterjet works by accelerating water, then does most of the acceleration, it achieves that
by reducing the diameter of the pipe in waterjet

This reduction in diameter causes acceleration of water.

A bad nozzle can reduce the waterjet efficiency to 30% or less.

 A nozzle needs to be turned for correct speed and thrust, too much thrust can choke the
jet and reduce the efficiency.

 3 dimensional thrust vector control of the nozzle is possible which can be used in naval
fast attack craft.
BUCKET

 Controls the direction of the thrust which is generated by the nozzle.

 The bucket adds manuvering capability to the water jet, It acts like a thrust vectoring device
which vectors the thrust from port to stbd.

 The bucket also has a scoop which can come down over the stream of the jet and directs it out
back in reverse.

 To get sufficient thrust of waterjet the engine needs to run the waterjet at nearly the targeted rpm
about 45-50% power.

 The water jet is placed such that it is partially submerged which helps to convert all the pressure
into velocity
WORKING PRINCIPLE

 A water jet generates propulsive thrust from the reaction created when water is forced in forward
direction. It works in principle of Newton's Third Law of Motion-"every action has an equal and opposite
reaction.

 Most vessels use only a single duct. The fluid passing through the inlet is directed through the main
processing unit of the system, in case of any blockage due to debris near the inlet, the vessel can be
stopped until the debris is cleared.

 The inlet water is a relatively low energy fluid since it is at rest prior to suction. However in order to
create sufficient thrust, it must be converted into a high energy fluid. This is accomplished by inducing an
element of turbulence using blades. The blades are powered using an impeller and stator arrangement.

 Due to fluid mechanic responses, sufficient pressure is created this turbulence and is then ejected as a
high-pressure jet from the nozzle. The impeller is a shaft that is powered using an onboard motor. It is
coupled to the stator that rotates the blades.
 The water enters the jet unit via the intake (A) The pumping unit, which includes the Impeller (0)
and Stator (C), increases the pressure, or "head of the flow. This high pressure flow is discharged
at the nozzle (D) as a high velocity jet stream. The driveshaft attaches at the coupling (F)to sum
the impeller

 Steering is achieved by changing the direction of the stream of water as it leaves the unit. Reverse
is achieved by lowering an aster deflector (E) into the jet stream after it leaves the nozzle. This
reverses the direction of the force generated by the jet stream forward and down to keep the boat
stationary or proper in the astern direction.
ADVANTAGES

 Waterjet have many advantages over conventional screw propellers.

 There are no appendages and hence there is a reduction in resistance.

 Waterjet propulsion can be used in shallow water without any limitation on the size of the pump.

 Improved maneuverability, stopping and backing ability are obtained.

 There is no need to reverse the main engine, i.e. no reversing gear is required in the propulsion
plant.
 The torque of the waterjet unit is constant over the complete speed range, i.e. full power can be
maintained at low speeds without overloading the engine.

 The speed of the ship from full ahead to full astern can be controlled without altering the rpm of
the engine.

 A higher static thrust can be obtained permitting high acceleration to full speed.

 There is a less noise and vibration.

 There are two important disadvantages:-

 The waterjet propulsion unit occupies considerable space inside the ship, and the water passing
through causes a significant decrease in buoyancy.

 It is necessary to provide a grating at the water inlet to prevent debris from getting in and
damaging the pump. This grating decreases the efficiency of the system, particularly as it gets
clogged.
APPLICATION

 Waterjets are used in high-speed pleasure craft (such as jet skis and jet boats (a)) and other small
vessels.

 Waterjet propulsion is often chosen instead of conventional propellers for vessels requiring high
speeds, shallow draught protected propulsion high maneuverability at all speeds, low noise
emissions for military applications and low vibration

 Examples of ships using waterjets are the fact patrol boat Dvora Mk-lll craft, Car Nicobar-class
patrol vessels (b), the Hamina-class missile boats, Valour-class frigates, the Stena High-speed Sea
Service ferries, the United States Seawolf-class and Virginia-class (c) submarines and the United
States littoral combat ships
THANK YOU