Introduction to Robotics
Introduction to Robotics
Robots everywhere for everyone
Definition
A robot is a software controlled mechanical device that uses sensors to
guide one or more end effectors through programmed motions in a
workspace in order to manipulate physical objects
Robotics is the intelligent connection of perception to action
Definition
The “official” definition of an industrial robot is
provided by the Robotics Industries Association
(RIA), formerly the Robotics Institute of America
(RIA):
An industrial robot is a reprogrammable,
multifunctional manipulator designed to move
materials, parts, tools, or special devices through
variable programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks.
Industrial robots should be classified as a form of programmable automation
History of Robotics
ROBOTICS IN SCIENCE FICTION
A novel by Mary Shelley, published in
England in 1817, titled Frankenstein, the
story deals with the efforts of a scientist,
to create a humanoid monster which then
proceeds to raise havoc in the local
community.
A Czechoslovakian play in the early 1920s
by Karel Capek called Rossum’ Universal
Robots, gave rise to the term robot. The
Czech word “robota” means servant or
forced worker, and when translated into
English, the word became robot.
ROBOTICS IN SCIENCE FICTION
Among science fiction writers, Isaac Asimov has contributed a
number of stories about robot’, starting in 1939, and indeed is
credited with coining the term “robotics.”
Three Laws of Robotics by Asimov and they are:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction,
allow a human to be harmed.
2. A robot must obey orders given by humans except when
that conflicts with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence unless that conflicts
with the First or Second Laws.
ROBOTICS IN SCIENCE FICTION
It is interesting to note that in the real world,
industrial robots obey laws that are the opposite
of the ones stated above! A robot may injure a
human, it may not obey humans and it also may
not protect its own existence.
Science Fiction movies which had robot
characters,
The Day the Earth Stood Still, 2001: A
Space Odyssey, The Star Wars seriesThe
Terminator series, Matrix series,
Transformer series, etc.
The arm-like structure of an industrial robot is
known as a robot manipulator. This
component is responsible for completing the
tasks the robot is programmed to perform.
Also known as a robot arm, the manipulator
mounts to the robot body and consists of
multiple links and joints.
Links are rigid components that connect
different sections of the robot arm. Their
rigidity provides a solid structure, but joints
are necessary for flexibility. As with the
human body, robotic joints move in different
ways, facilitating linear, rotary, and
revolutionary motions. This allows the robot
to perform the desired movements within its
work envelope.
Chronology of developments related to robotics technology
Until the early 1940s most of the automation devices were not really programmable.
Birth of programmable automation or soft automation took place with the development
of the microprocessor in the late 1940.
Robot development went through the following phases from 1950 to 2010:
1950 - late 1970: Simple pick and place robots controlled by a large computer with
limited interaction with the environment (confined to the manufacturing industry for
hazardous and repetitive jobs).
1980 - late 1990: Interaction with the environment using force, touch sensors,vision, etc.
(due to the development of cheaper electronics).
1990 - 2000: Intelligent robots (due to higher computing power, smaller and lighter
onboard processors, smart actuators, sensors).
2000 - present: micro, nano robots, bio-robots, humanoids, service robots, etc. (Interest
in emulating biological design paradigms and a gradual shift from only industrial
applications to humanitarian applications).
Future robots: personal robots, professional
History of Robotics
• Unimate (1961)
• First industrial robot
• (1 ton, all hydraulics,
magnetic drum
memory, stack and
weld metallic objects)
• Stanford Arm
• ASEA IRB-6 – (1974)
• first robot all-electric-
drives
History of Robotics
• Cincinnati Milacron T3 (1974)
• first microcomputer
controlled robot
• Hirata AR-300 (1978)
• first SCARA Robot
• Unimation PUMA 560 (1979)
• 6R with human-like
dexterity
• Consight (1981)
• First Industrial Robot with
Vision
Industrial Robot vs. Service Robot
• Industrial Robot
• An automatically controlled,
reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator
programmable in three or more axes, which
may either fixed in place or mobile for use in
an industrial automation application.
• Service Robot
• A service robot is a robot which operates
semi- or fully autonomously to perform
services useful to the well-being of humans
and equipment, excluding manufacturing
operations.
09-July-18 MEE1030 – Robotics 33
Service Robotics
• Servicing humans
• Personal safeguarding, elderly assistance, robot-assisted surgery, guide robots
etc.
• Servicing equipment
• Floor, pipe and window cleaning, inspection, maintenance, repair, etc.
• Performing other autonomous functions
• Exploration, warfare, surveillance, transport, data acquisition, inspection,
medical and/or other service robots that can not be classified in the above two
groups.
Service Robotics
Unmanned Arial Vehicles
Search & Rescue
Mine Detection
Robotic Surgery
Exploration Industrial Cleaning Security
Healthcare
Automation
Automation and robotics are two closely
related technologies.
In an industrial context, we can define
automation as a technology that is concerned
with the use of mechanical, electronic and
computer-based systems in the operation and
control of production.
Examples of this technology include transfer
lines, mechanized assembly machines,
feedback control systems (applied to industrial
processes), numerically controlled machine
tools and robots. Accordingly, robotics is a
form of industrial automation.
Demand for robotics engineers
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Robotics Engineer Salary in India
Entry-Level
If you're looking for a career that's both lucrative and
rewarding, robotics is for you.
Robotics engineers are in high demand, and the average salary
for a Robotics Engineer in India is ₹4,53,236 per year. Entry-
level engineers make around ₹2,50,000 per annum—and they
get excellent opportunities to grow their careers and earn even
more money as they gain experience.
Experienced
Experienced robotics engineers make anywhere from
₹20,00,000 - ₹25,50,000 per year. They usually have a
bachelor's degree in engineering and years of experience
working with machines.
