Lab 6

Concepts of programming languages

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Agenda
1. Classes
1. Abstract Class & Abstract Method
2. Case Classes
3. Traits
2. Collections
1. Arrays
2. Lists
3. Maps
3. Hands-on

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Classes

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Abstract Class &
Abstract Method
An abstract class can
have both abstract
• A class which is declared with abstract keyword is known and
as abstract
non-abstract
class. (implemented)
methods.
abstract class Pet (name: String) {
var age: Int = 0 // concrete field we cannot
val animal: String // abstract field instantiate an
def printName(): Unit // abstract method abstract class
Abstract class maydirectly
be used using
as anew
def printAge(): Unit = { // concrete method operator
base class of some other class
println(age)
which implements the
}
unimplemented members.
}
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Abstract Class & A class can
Abstract Method extend only one
abstract class.

• Use the “extends” keyword to extend an abstract class.

Dog class is expected
class Dog(name: String) extends Pet(name) { to implement all the
// Implementation of abstract method abstract methods and
override val animal: String = "Dog" fields defined in that
override def printName(): Unit = { abstract class.
println("Hi there, I am " + name)
}
}
• If the extending class but does not implement all the methods and fields
defined in an abstract class, the extending class must be declared
abstract. 5
Abstract Class &
Abstract Method
• Main Class
object mainObj {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val dogObj = new Dog("Jimmy")
dogObj.printName() Hi there, I am Jimmy
dogObj.age = 2 2
dogObj.printAge()
}
}

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Case Classes Setters

Fields
Other details

Getters

• When coding in languages which are a bit more

verbose, such as Java, you often end up using the
tools, such as your IDE, to automatically generate
some code for you.

• What if, instead of seeking support from your IDE,

the compiler could do this for you? Case Class

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 By default, all the
parameters in a
Case Classes case class
are public.

• Case Class is a class with an arbitrary number of parameters for which

the compiler automatically adds ad-hoc code.
case class Member(id: Integer, name: String, country: String)

• Case classes are good for modeling immutable data.

• Case classes are the ideal data containers because of these

functionalities that encourage the use of immutability.

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 What if I want to

Case Classes modify a value of an

existing case class

The new keyword was

• Creating an object of the case class not used to instantiate
the Member case class
object mainObj {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val a = Member(10001, "Adam", "UK")
println(a.id) //prints 10001
a.id = 10002 //throws a compile time error
}
You can’t reassign
} a variable in a
case class
because it is a val
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Case Classes
• Solution:
You can use the copy function to create a new data representation.
object mainObj {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val a = Member(10001, "Adam", "UK")
val b = a.copy(id = 10002, name = "Bryan")
println(b.id) //prints 10002
println(b.name) //prints Bryan
println(b.country) //prints UK which was copied from object a
}
}
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Traits
• Scala has entirely removed interface and introduced traits.

• Trait is something that is much more powerful and flexible than the Java
interface.

• A trait is an object-oriented programming concept that represents a unit

functionality that is usable by mixing it into a class.

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Traits
• Trait can include either concrete or abstract methods and fields.
trait Shape {
var color = "red" //Concrete field
val shapeName:String //abstract field

def printShapeInfo(): Unit={ //Concrete method

println("Shape name: " + shapeName)
println("Shape color: " + color)
}

def getArea(): Double // abstract method

} 12
class Circle(var radius: Double) extends Shape {
override val shapeName: StringThe= "Circle"
Traits
class doesn’t
implement the abstract
override def getArea(): Double = { methods and fields
Math.PI * this.radius * this.radius
}
• When a class is mixing with a trait, it has access to all of its methods and
fields.def printShapeInfo(): Unit={
override
super.printShapeInfo()
println("Shape
abstract radius: "+ radius)radius: Double) extends Shape {
class Circle(var
}
def draw(): Unit = {
def draw():System.out.println("Drawing
Unit = { Circle")
System.out.println("Drawing
} Circle")
}
def getRadius(): Double = this.radius
def getRadius():
} Double = this.radius
}
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Traits
• Example Cont…
object mainObj {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
var circle1 = new Circle(5)

circle1.printShapeInfo()
println("Circle Area: " + circle1.getArea())
}
Shape name: Circle
}
Shape color: red
Shape radius = 5.0
Circle Area: 78.53981633974483
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Traits trait Happy {
def mood(): Unit = println("I am very happy")
}
• Mixing multiple
trait Rich {
traits with the same val money: Long = 10000000L
class or object }

class StrikeLotteryGuy extends Happy with Rich

object mainObj extends App{

var x = new StrikeLotteryGuy()
x.mood() // print: I am very happy
println(x.money.toString) // print: 10000000

} 15
Collections

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Collections
• Scala has a very rich collections library, located under the
scala.collection package.

• Example of collections: Array, List, and Map.

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Arrays
• Arrays in Scala are mutable, indexed collections of values.
val array: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3) 1
println(array(1)) // 2
array(1) = 5 5
println(array(1)) // 5 3
array.foreach(x=>println(x))
val array2 = array.reverse
array2.foreach(println)
3
5
1
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Lists
• Scala lists internally represent an immutable linked list.
val emptyList: List[Int] = List() // Empty List
var reservedwordsList: List[String] = List("if", "while", "for", "def")

println("Head: " + reservedwordsList.head) // Head: if

println("Tail: " + reservedwordsList.tail) // Tail: List(while. for, def)
println(reservedwordsList.isEmpty) //false
println(reservedwordsList.reverse) //List(def, for, while, if)

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List
• Append an item to the end of the list.
reservedwordsList = reservedwordsList :+ "val"
println(reservedwordsList) // List(if, while, for, def, val)

• Prepend an item to the beginning of the list

reservedwordsList = "var" :: reservedwordsList
println(reservedwordsList) // List(var, if, while, for, def, val)

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Maps

• A Map is a collection of key/value pairs where keys are always unique.

Key Value
var map = Map("Machine Learning" -> "B",
"Concepts of programming" -> "A",
"Algorithms"->"C+")
• Display keys and values

map.keys.foreach(key=>println("Key = "+ key + ", value = "+ map(key)

map.values.foreach(println)
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Maps

• Retrieve a value using its key.

println(map.get("Algorithms")) // Some(C+)

• checks if a map has the specific key.

println(map.contains("Machine Learning")) // true

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Hands-on

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 • Create a person class as an abstract class. the class has
two attributes (name and gender). The attributes are
constant and cannot be accessed outside the class
Hands-on • Person class has a primary constructor that takes the
name and the gender.
• Person class has an abstract method called work and
abstract field nationality
• Create an employee class extends the person class.
• Employee class has a primary constructor that takes
name, gender , and empid as a parameters.
• Override the abstract field.
• Override the work function: if the empid equals 1 then
print “working”. If it equals 0, print “not working”.
• Create an object of employee and call the work function.
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Solution

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Solution

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Thank you.

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