THE OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

What is output?
 Data that has been processed into a useful form,
 Output device is any hardware component that can convey
information to user

p. 300 Fig. 6-1

 Display Devices
What is a display device?
 Output device that visually conveys information
 Information on display device sometimes
called soft copy
 Monitor houses display device as separate
peripheral

p. 302
 Display Devices
What is an LCD monitor?
 Uses liquid crystal display
 Have a small footprint
 Mobile devices that contain
LCD displays include
 Notebook computer, Tablet
PC, PDA, and Smart Phone

p. 302 Fig. 6-2

 Flat-Panel Displays
What about using multiple LCD monitors?
 Some users position two or more monitors side by side
or stacked

 Allows users to run multiple applications

simultaneously

p. 303 Fig. 6-3

 Flat-Panel Displays
What are some mobile devices that have LCD screens?
 Notebooks
 Tablet PCs
 PDAs
 Smart phones

p. 303 Fig. 6-4

 Flat-Panel Displays
How does an LCD display work?
 Uses a liquid compound to present information
on a display
Step 2. As light passes through liquid crystal, electrical
charge causes some of the cells to twist, making light waves
bend as they pass through color filter.
Step 1. Panel
of fluorescent
tubes emits
light waves
through
polarizing glass filter,
which guides light
toward layer of liquid
Liquid crystal cells Step 3. When light reaches
crystal cells.
second polarizing glass filter, light
is allowed to pass through any
Transparent electrodes
cells that line up at the first
Alignment layer polarizing glass filter. Absence
Color filter and presence of colored light cause
Polarizing glass filter image to display on the screen.
Fluorescent tube panel

p. 304
 Flat-Panel Displays
What is resolution?
 Sharpness and clarity of image
 Higher resolution makes image sharper, displays more text on
screen, makes some elements
smaller

p. 304 Fig. 6-5

 Flat-Panel Displays
How do you use an LCD monitor with a video card?
 Plug monitor into Digital Video Interface (DVI) port
on computer

standard monitor
port S-video port

DVI port

p. 305 Fig. 6-6

 Flat-Panel Displays
A plasma monitor…
 Displays image by applying voltage to layer of gas
 Larger screen size and higher display quality than LCD, but
are more expensive

p. 306 Fig. 6-7

 Flat-Panel Displays
Interactive TV using HDTV…

Select a movie from a Vote or respond to

Bank
central library of movies network questionnaires

Two-way communications HDTV

(high-definition television)
technology in which users interact works directly with
with television programming interactive TV

Shop Play games Video conference

p. 306
 CRT Monitors
A CRT monitor…
 Contains a Cathode-Ray
Tube (CRT)
 Screen coated with tiny
dots of phosphor material
 Each dot consists of a red,
blue, and green phosphor
 Common sizes are 15, 17,
19, 21, and 22 inches
 Viewable size is diagonal
measurement of actual
viewing area

p. 307 Fig. 6-9

 CRT Monitors
The ENERGY STAR program…
 Encourages manufacturers to create energy-efficient
devices that require little power when not in use
 Monitors and devices meeting guidelines display
ENERGY STAR label

p. 307
 CRT Monitors
The quality of a CRT monitor is determined by…
 The screen resolution – which is a measure of the number of pixels measured both horizontally and vertically

 Dot Pitch – which is the distance between pixels

 Text created with a smaller dot pitch
is easier to read

 Refresh rate – which is the speed at which a monitor

redraws images on the screen

p. 308
 CRT Monitors
How does video travel from the processor to a CRT monitor?
 Video card (also called a graphics card) converts digital
output from computer into analog video signal
Step 5. Electron guns fire
Step 1. The the three color signals to
processor sends Step 3. The the front of the CRT.
digital video data analog signal is
to the video card. sent through a
cable to the CRT Step 4. The
monitor. CRT monitor
separates the
analog signal
into red, green,
and blue signals.

Step 6. An image is
displayed on the screen when
the electrons hit phosphor
Step 2. The video card’s dots on the back of the screen.
digital-to-analog converter
(DAC) converts the digital
p. 309 Fig. 6-10 video data to an analog signal.
 Printers
A printer is… portrait
 An output device that
produces text and
graphics on paper
 Result is a hard copy,
or printout
 Two orientations:
portrait and landscape

landscape

p. 310 Fig. 6-11

 Printers
How do you know which printer to buy?
 Depends on printing needs
 Consider the following…

Color or
Budget Speed
black and white

Graphics Paper types

Cost per page Photo printing
capability and sizes

System Wireless
Future needs
compatibility capability

p. 310
 Printers
A Non-impact printer…
 Forms characters and graphics without striking paper
 Ink-jet printer sprays tiny drops of liquid ink
onto paper
 Prints in black-and-white or color on a variety
of paper types

p. 312 Fig. 6-14

 Printers
The resolution of a printer is determined by…
 Measured by the number of dots per inch (dpi)
the printer can output
 Determines its sharpness and clarity

p. 313 Fig. 6-15

 Printers
How does an ink-jet printer work?
print cartridge

nozzle
print head
firing
resistor chamber

bubble nozzle ink ink ink dot

paper

Step 1. A small Step 2. The Step 3. Ink drops Step 4. As the vapor bubble
resistor heats the vapor bubble onto the paper. collapses, fresh ink is drawn into
ink, causing the forces the ink the firing chamber.
ink to boil and through the
form a vapor nozzle.
p. 313 Fig. 6-16 bubble.
 Printers
A photo printer is…
 A colour printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures
Step 1. Take photograph with
digital camera and store it on
media card in the camera.
Step 2. Insert
media card into
media card card reader on
photo
printer photo printer.
media cards

Step 3. Use menu to

select desired image to
print, view it on LCD
screen, edit if necessary,
select size of the print,
and then print image.

Step 4. Remove printed photo

from the printer.
p. 314 Fig. 6-17
 Printers
A laser printer is…
 A high-speed, high-quality
non-impact printer
 Prints text and graphics in very
high-quality resolution,
ranging from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi
 Typically costs more than
ink-jet printer, but is much
faster

p. 315 Fig. 6-18

 Printers
How does a laser printer work?
Step 2. Rotating mirror deflects
low-powered laser beam across
surface of drum.

Step 1. After user sends an

instruction to print a document,
drum rotates as gears and rollers Step 5. Set of rollers
feed sheet of paper into printer. uses heat and pressure
to permanently fuse
toner to paper.

Step 4. As drum continues to

rotate and press against paper,
toner transfers from drum to
paper.

Step 3. Laser beam creates

a charge that causes toner to
p. 316 Fig. 6-19 stick to drum.
 Printers
A thermal printer…
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper
 Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer)
uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper

home use

professional
p. 317 Fig. 6-20
 Printers
A mobile printer is…
 Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows
mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet
PC, or PDA while traveling

p. 317 Fig. 6-21

 Printers
A label printer is…
 A small printer that prints on adhesive-type material
 Most also print bar codes
 Postage printer has built-in digital scale and prints
postage stamps

p. 318 Fig. 6-22

 Printers
A plotter is…
 A sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality
drawings
 Large-format printer creates photo-realistic-quality
colour prints

p. 318 Fig. 6-23

 Printers
A dot-matrix printer is…
 An impact printer that produces printed images
when tiny wire pins strike a ribbon
 Impact printer forms
characters by striking
mechanism against inked
ribbon that contacts paper

p. 319 Fig. 6-24

 Printers
A line printer is…
 A high-speed impact
printer that prints entire
line at a time
 Speed measured in lines
per minute (lpm)
 Band printer prints fully
formed characters using a
hammer mechanism
 Shuttle-matrix printer is
high-speed printer that
works like dot-matrix
printer

p. 319 Fig. 6-25

 Speakers and Headsets
An audio output device is…
 A computer component that produces music, speech, or
other sounds
 Speakers and headsets are common devices

p. 320 Figs. 6-26 – 6-27

 Speakers and Headsets
Voice output allows…
 A computer to talk to you through speakers
 Internet telephony allows you to have conversation
over Web

p. 321 Fig. 6-28

 Other Output Devices
A facsimile (fax) machine is…
 A device that transmits and receives documents over
telephone lines

p. 322 Fig. 6-29

 Other Output Devices
A fax modem is…
 A modem that allows you to send and receive
digital documents as faxes internal fax card
in system unit
external fax
modem

fax machine

p. 322 Fig. 6-30

 Other Output Devices
A multifunction peripheral…
 Provides functionality
of printer, scanner,
copy machine, and
fax machine

p. 323 Fig. 6-31

 Other Output Devices
A data projector is…
 A device that takes
image from computer
screen and projects it
onto larger screen

p. 323 Fig. 6-32

 Other Output Devices
What is force feedback?
 Sends resistance to a joystick or wheel in response
to the actions of a user

p. 324 Fig. 6-33

 Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users

What is the Magnifier command?

 Windows Magnifier command
enlarges text and other items
on screen

p. 326 Fig. 6-35

 Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users

What other output options are available for visually

impaired users?
 Change Window settings,
such as increasing size or
changing color of text to
make words easier to read
 Blind users can work with
voice output
 Braille printer outputs
information in Braille
onto paper

p. 326 Fig. 6-36

 THE STORAGE SUBSYSTEM
What is storage?
 Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
 Storage medium is physical material used for storage
 Also called secondary storage

p. 354 Fig. 7-1

 Storage
Capacity is measure by the…
 Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion
Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion
p. 356
 Storage
Examples of volatility…
 Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when
power is turned off
 Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily
ON OFF

Screen Display Display Display

Volatile

appears disappears

Memory Data and Data and

(most RAM) instructions instructions erased
(chips on motherboard) available to user
Nonvolatile

Storage Medium Contents Contents

(floppy disks, Zip disks, available to user retained
hard disks, CDs)

p. 356
 Storage
A storage device is…

Hardware that
Reading records and Writing
Process of transferring
retrieves items Process of transferring
items from storage to and from items from memory
media to memory storage media to storage media

Functions as source Creates output

of input

p. 356
 Storage
Access time is…
 Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage medium
 Time required to deliver item from memory to processor
faster Stores …
transfer
rates Primary Storage
Memory (most RAM) Items waiting to be interpreted
and executed by the processor
Secondary Storage
Hard Disk Operating system, application
software, user data and information
Flash Memory Cards Digital pictures or files
and USB Flash Drives to be transported
CDs and DVDs Software, backups, movies, music
Tape Backups
slower
transfer Floppy Disk Small files to be transported
rates
p. 357 Fig. 7-4
 Magnetic Disks
Tracks and sectors are…

Track Sector stores

is narrow up to
recording band 512 bytes
that forms full of data
circle on disk

Formatting prepares disk for use and marks bad sectors as

unusable

p. 357 Fig. 7-5

 Magnetic Disks
A floppy disk is…
shutter
 Portable, inexpensive storage medium (also called
diskette)
shell
liner

magnetic
coating
Thin, circular, flexible film enclosed
in 3.5” wide plastic shell
metal hub

flexible thin film

p. 358
 Magnetic Disks
A floppy disk drive is…
 Device that reads from and
writes to floppy disk
 One floppy drive, named drive A Floppy disk drive built into
a desktop computer
 Also called secondary storage

External floppy disk drive attaches to

a computer with a cable

p. 358 Fig. 7-6

 Magnetic Disks
How do you compute a disk’s storage capacity?
 Multiply number of sides, number of tracks, number of sectors per track,
and number of bytes per sector
 For high-density disk: 2 sides  80 tracks  18 sectors per track  512 bytes per
sector = 1,474,560 bytes

Capacity: 1.44 MB
Characteristics of a
3.5-inch High-Density Sides: 2
Floppy Disk
Tracks: 80

Sectors per track: 18

Bytes per sector: 512

Sectors per disk: 2880

p. 359
 Magnetic Disks

The write-protect notch is…

 Small opening with a cover that you slide
 Protects floppy disk from being erased accidentally

write-protected
notch open
means you
cannot write
on the disk not write-protected

notch closed hole on this

means you side means
can write on disk is high
the disk density

p. 359 Fig. 7-7

 Magnetic Disks
A Zip disk is…
 A magnetic medium that stores
100 MB to 750 MB of data
 Used to back up and to transfer files
 Backup is duplicate of file, program, or disk
in case original is lost
c

 Zip disks require a Zip drive — high

c c

capacity drive that reads from and writes

on a Zip disk

p. 359 Fig. 7-9

 Magnetic Disks
hard disk installed
A hard disk is… in system unit

 High-capacity storage
 Consists of several
inflexible, circular
platters that store items
electronically
 Components enclosed in
airtight, sealed case for
protection

p. 360 Fig. 7-10

 Magnetic Disks
The characteristics of a hard disk are:

Sample Hard Disk Characteristics

Advertised capacity 120 GB
Platters 3
Read/write heads 6
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63
Sectors per drive 234,441,648 actual
disk
Revolutions per minute 7,200 capacity
Transfer rate 133 MB per second
Access time 8.9 ms

p. 361 Fig. 7-11

 Magnetic Disks
How does a hard disk work?

Step 3.
When software requests a
disk access, read/write
heads determine current
Step 2. or new location of data.
Small motor spins
platters while
computer is running.

Step 4.
Head actuator positions
read/write head arms over
Step 1. correct location on platters
Circuit board controls to read or write data.
movement of head actuator
and a small motor.

p. 361 Fig. 7-12

 Magnetic Disks
platter
A cylinder is… track
 Vertical section of track sector
through all platters

 Single movement
of read/write head
arms accesses all
platters
read/write
in cylinder head

platter

sides

p. 362 Fig. 7-13

cylinder
 Magnetic Disks
A head crash occurs when…

 The read/write head touches the platter surface

 Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head above platter

 Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of an inch

 A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable

hair
read/write head

dust
clearance smoke

platter

p. 362 Fig. 7-14

 Magnetic Disks
processor
A disk cache is…
 Portion of memory that processor uses
to store frequently accessed items

disk cache

first request
for data—to disk cache

second request
for data—to hard disk
hard disk

p. 363 Fig. 7-15

 Magnetic Disks
A miniature hard disk…
 Provide users with greater storage capacities than flash memory
 Some have a form factor of less than 1 inch
 Storage capacities range from 2 GB to 100 GB

p. 363 Fig. 7-16

 Magnetic Disks
External hard disks and removable hard disks are…
 Used to back up or transfer files Removable hard disk—hard disk
that you insert and remove
from hard disk drive
External hard disk—freestanding
hard disk that connects to system unit

p. 364 Fig. 7-17

 Magnetic Disks
SATA
(Serial Advanced Technology
Disk controllers are… Attachment) controller uses serial
 The chips and circuits signals to transfer data, instructions,
that control transfer of and information
data from the disk
EIDE
 Examples include: (Enhanced Integrated Drive
 SATA Electronics) controller supports four
hard disks, provides connections for
 EIDE CD and DVD drives
 SCSI
SCSI
(Small Computer System Interface)
controller supports up to fifteen
devices including hard disks, CD
and DVD drives, tape drives, printers,
scanners, network cards
p. 364
 Magnetic Disks
Online storage is…
 Service on Web that provides storage for
minimal monthly fee
 Files can be accessed from any
computer with Web access

 Large files can be downloaded

instantaneously
 Others can be authorized
to access your data

p. 365 Fig. 7-18

 Optical Discs
Push the button to
Optical discs are… slide out the tray.
 Flat, round, portable
metal discs made of
metal, plastic, and
lacquer
 Can be read only or Insert the disc,
read/write label side up.
 Most PCs include an
optical disc drive
Push the same button
to close the tray.

p. 366 Fig. 7-19

 Optical Discs
How does a laser read data on an optical disc?

disc label

lens pit land lens

Step 3.
Step 2. Reflected light is
0 1
If light strikes deflected to a
a pit, it scatters. light-sensing diode,
If light strikes a which sends digital
prism land, it is prism signals of 1 to
light- reflected back light- computer. Absence
Step 1.
sensing toward diode. sensing of reflected light is
Laser diode
diode diode read as digital
shines a light
laser laser signal of 0.
beam toward
disc. diode diode

p. 367 Fig. 7-20

 Optical Discs
How is data stored on an optical disc?
 Typically stored in
single track
 Track divided
into evenly
sized sectors
that store
items

single track
spirals to the
edge of the disc

disc sectors

p. 367 Fig. 7-21

 Optical Discs
Caring for an optical disc…

Do not expose
the disc to
excessive
heat or
sunlight Do store the
disc in a jewel
box when
not in use

Do not
eat, smoke, or Do not stack discs
drink near
a disc

Do not touch
Do hold a disc
the underside by its edges
of the disc

p. 368 Fig. 7-22

 Optical Discs
A CD-ROM is…
 Compact disc read-only memory
 Cannot erase or modify contents
 Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB
 Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software

p. 369 Fig. 7-24

 Optical Discs
What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive?

Ranges from
48X to 75X 75X
or faster

75  150 KBps = 11,250 KBps

75X is 150 KBps
or 12.25 MBps
(KB per second)

48X:
48  150 KBps = 7,200 KBps
or 7.2 MBps

p. 369
 Optical Discs
A Picture CD…

Film developers Can be

Stores digital
offer modified
versions of
Picture CD using photo
roll of film
service editing software

Step 1. Step 3.
Drop off film to At home, print images
be developed. from Picture CD on
Step 2.
Mark the Picture your ink-jet photo printer.
When you pick up
CD box on the
prints and negatives, a At a store, print images to
film-processing
Picture CD contains Picture CD at kiosk.
envelope.
digital images of each
photograph.

p. 370 Fig. 7-25

 Optical Discs
CD-Rs and CD-RWs are: Must have
CD recorder
or CD-R drive

CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable)

— disc you can write on once
c

Cannot erase
disc’s contents
CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable)
— erasable disc you can write on
ce

multiple times
Must have
CD-RW software
and CD-RW drive

p. 371
 Optical Discs
A DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc-ROM or
Digital Video Disc-ROM) is…
 High capacity disc capable of
storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB
 Must have DVD-ROM drive or
DVD player to read DVD-ROM
 Stores databases, music, complex
software, and movies

p. 372 Fig. 7-26

 Optical Discs
How does a DVD-ROM store data?
 Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is semitransparent so
laser can read through
 Some are double-sided
 Blu-Ray discs currently have a storage capacity of up to 27
GB

p. 372 Fig. 7-27

 Tape
Tape storage media is…
 A magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of
storing large amounts of data at low cost
 Primarily used for backup

p. 374 Fig. 7-28

 Tape
How is data stored on a tape?
 Sequential access
 Reads and writes data consecutively,
like a music tape

 Is therefore slow to access data

 Unlike direct access systems —used on floppy
disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs —
which can locate particular item very quickly

p. 374
 PC Cards
A PC Card is a…
 Credit-card-sized device commonly
used in notebook computers

 Adds capabilities to computer

p. 374 Figs. 7-29–7-30

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Miniature mobile storage media are:
 Storage for small mobile devices

p. 375 Fig. 7-31

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media

Common types of flash memory cards include:

CompactFlash Smart Media Secure Digital

xD Picture Card Memory Stick

p. 376 Fig. 7-32

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
How does one type of flash memory card work?

p. 377 Fig. 7-33

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
A USB Flash Drive…
 Plugs in a USB port on a
computer or mobile device
 Storage capacities up to
4 GB
 May eventually make the
floppy disk obsolete

p. 377 Fig. 7-34

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
A smart card…
 Stores data on microprocessor embedded in small card
 Input, process, output, and storage capabilities
 Like a miniature
computer

p. 378 Fig. 7-35

 Microfilm and Microfiche
Microfilm and microfiche…

Store microscopic images of

documents on a roll or sheet of film

Images recorded using a

computer output microfilm recorder

Microfilm — 100- to Microfiche — small sheet

215-foot roll of film of film, usually 4”  6”

p. 379 Fig. 7-36

 Microfilm and Microfiche
How do life expectancies of various media compare?
 Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any
storage media

p. 379 Fig. 7-37