Komunikasi Data dan

Jaringan Komputer :
Network Model

Aries Kusdaryono
Magister Komputer
Universitas Budi Luhur
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
•  The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Inter-
net Protocol (IP)
• Layers
• Application,
• Transport,
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and
• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
• Internet, and
• Internetworking Protocol (lP)
• Host-to-Network
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
Physical and Data Link Layers
• Does not define any specific protocol
• Supports all the standard and proprietary protocols
• Network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area network
or a wide-area network
Network Layer
• TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol
• Four supporting protocols : ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP
• Intemetworking Protocol (IP)
• Transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols
• Get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guaran-
tees
• Does not keep track of the routes and has no facility for reorder-
ing data-grams once they arrive at their destination
• Unreliable and connectionless protocol -a best-effort delivery ser-
vice
• no error checking or tracking
• IP transports data in packets called datagrams,
• travel along different routes and can arrive out of sequence or be du-
plicated
Network Layer
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Associate a logical address with a physical address
• On a typical physical network, such as a LAN, each device on a
link
• Identified by a physical or station address, usually imprinted on the
network interface card (NIC)
• ARP is used to find the physical address of the node when its
Internet address is known
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
• A host to discover its Inter-net address when it knows only its
physical address
• Used when a computer is connected to a network for the first
time or when a diskless computer is booted
Network Layer
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• A mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification
of datagram problems back to the sender
• ICMP sends query and error reporting messages
• Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
• Used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to
a group of recipients
Transport Layer
• Represent by two protocols
• TCP and UDP
• IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a
packet from one physical device to another
• UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for de-
livery of a message from a process (running program) to an-
other process
• A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to
meet the needs of some newer application
Transport Layer
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses,
checksum error control, and length information to the data from
the upper layer
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• provides full transport-layer services to applications
• reliable stream transport protocol (stream – connection oriented)
• connection must be established between both ends of a transmis-
sion before either can transmit data
• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
• provides support for newer applications such as voice over the
Internet.
• It is a transport layer protocol that combines the best features of
UDP and TCP
Application Layer
• Equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and ap-
plication layers in the OSI model
ADDRESSING
• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols
• physical (link) addresses,
• logical (lP) addresses,
• port addresses, and
• specific addresses
ADDRESSING
Physical Addresses
• Also known as the link address
• The address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
• Included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• The lowest-level address
Logical Addresses
• Necessary for universal communications
• A universal addressing system is needed in which each host
can be identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physi-
cal network
• The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the
logical addresses usually remain the same.
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
• The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a
quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host
• Computers are devices that can run multiple processes at the
same time
• The end objective of Internet communication is a process
communicating with another process
• Port addresses usually remain the same
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
• Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are de-
signed for that specific address.
• The e-mail address
• the Universal Resource Locator (URL)
THANK YOU
Data and Signals
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromag-
netic signals across a transmission medium
• Analog and Digital
• Analog and Digital Data
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete states
• Analog and Digital Signals
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period
of time.
• As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and in-
cludes an infinite number of values along its path.
• A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a limited number
of defined values.
• Although each value can be any number, it is often as simple as 1 and
0
Transformation of Information
to Signals
Data and Signals
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromag-
netic signals across a transmission medium
• Analog and Digital
• Analog and Digital Data
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete states
• Analog and Digital Signals
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period
of time.
• As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and in-
cludes an infinite number of values along its path.
• A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a limited number
of defined values.
• Although each value can be any number, it is often as simple as 1 and
0
Analog and Digital Clocks
Data and Signals
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromag-
netic signals across a transmission medium
• Analog and Digital
• Analog and Digital Data
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete states
• Analog and Digital Signals
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period
of time.
• As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and in-
cludes an infinite number of values along its path.
• A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a limited number
of defined values.
• Although each value can be any number, it is often as simple as 1 and
0
Analog and Digital Signals
Data and Signals
• Periodic and Non periodic Signals
• periodic signal
• completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a pe-
riod, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods
• one full pattern is called a cycle
• non periodic signal
• changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time

• commonly use periodic analog signals (less bandwidth) and