DATA

COMMUNICATION

Lecture # 6 & 7
 Recap of Lecture 05
• Protocols
• Elements of Protocols
• Standards
• De-Jure
• De-Facto
• Standard organizations
• Internet Standards
 Overview of Lecture 6 & 7

• The OSI Model

• Layered task
• Peer-to-Peer communication
• OSI Layers
 THE OSI MODEL
• The layered model that dominated data communications and networking
literature before 1990 was the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
• Everyone believed that the OSI model would become the ultimate standard
for data communications, but this did not happen.
• The TCPIIP protocol suite became the dominant commercial architecture
because it was used and tested extensively in the Internet; the OSI model was
never fully implemented.
• Established in 1947 by International Standards Organization (ISO)
• An ISO standard, that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
• No physical existence, but it is conceptual that helps to understand the
complex methods of data transmission among various devices.
THE OSI MODEL Help in Understanding

• How physically computers communicate and connect.

• How bits are presented in a network medium.
• How this ensure that data will reach on the target error free and
it will be received by correct computer.
• How network devices communicate, and how data is converted
from one format to another.
• How computer comes to know that when it should transmit the
data and when not.
• How network devices maintain proper rate of data flow.
 Layered Tasks
• Sender, Receiver and Carrier
Layered Architecture
Seven layers of the OSI model
 Why layers ?

• Designer identified which networking functions had related

uses and collected those functions into discrete groups that
became the layers.

• The OSI model allows complete interoperability between

otherwise incompatible systems.

• Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately below it

and provides services to its above layer.
 Peer-to-peer Processes

•Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another

machine - called Peer-to-Peer Processes.
• Interfaces between Layers
• Each interface defines what information and services a
layer must provide for the layer above it.
• Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide
modularity to a network
Peer-to-peer Processes (cont’d)
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
 Organizations of the layers

1. Network support layers : Layers 1, 2, 3

2. User support layer : Layer 5, 6, 7

• It allows interoperability among unrelated software
systems

3. Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two subgroups and

ensures that what the lower layers have transmitted is in a
form that the upper layers can use.
An exchange using the OSI model
OSI Layers
 Application Layer
• It enables the user, whether human or software, to access the
network.

• It provides user interfaces and support for services such as

• Electronic mail,
• File Transfer, Access and management (FTAM),
• Shared database management,
• Network virtual terminal
• Directory services (X.500)
• and other types of distributed information services.
Application Layer
 Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
of the information exchanged between two systems.
• The presentation layer is responsible for;
• Translation;
• At the sender end it changes the information from its sender-dependent format
into a common format.
• At the receiving machine it changes the common format into its receiver-
dependent format.
• Encryption; (for privacy)
• The sender transforms the original information to another form and sends the
resulting message out over the network.
• Decryption reverses the original process to transform the message back to its
original form.
• Compression;
• Data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information.
• Important in the transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
Presentation Layer
 Session Layer

• The session layer is responsible for dialog control and

synchronization.

• Responsible for;
1. Session Creation,
2. Session Maintenance and
3. Synchronization.
 Session Layer

• Allows two applications on different computers to establish,

use and end a connection called a session.

• Provides synchronization between user tasks by placing

checkpoints in the data stream.

• Also implements dialog control between communicating

processes, regulating which side transmits, when, for how
long, and so on.
Session Layer
 Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process (application) to another.
• This layer ensures that packets are delivered error free, in
sequence, and with no losses or duplications.
• This layer repackages messages, dividing long messages into
several packets to be transmitted efficiently over the network.
• At the receiving end, the transport layer unpacks the messages,
resembles the original messages and typically sends an
acknowledgement of receipt.
 Transport Layer

• Service port addressing

• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
 Network Layer
• Responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host possibly across multiple networks.
• Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of the packet
between two systems on the same network

• Responsible for;
• Logical addressing and translating it to physical addresses.
• Routing
• Route Determination
• Forwarding (packet Switching)
• Packetizing
Network Layer
Network Layer
 Data Link Layer

•The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next (immediate).

•On the receiving end, it packages raw bits from the physical layer
into the data frames.
 Data Link Layer

•Major duties;
• Responsible for Node-To-Node Delivery
• Framing
• Physical addressing (MAC)
• Flow control (Stop & Wait, Sliding window)
• Error control (Stop & Wait ARQ, Sliding window ARQ)
• Access control (ENQ/ACK, POLL/SELECT)
Data Link Layer
 Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer is sub-divided into two sub-layers, i.e.

1. Logical Link Control (LLC);

• Responsible for establishing and maintaining links (i.e. either
logical or physical) between the communicating devices.

2. Media Access Control (MAC).

• Controls the way in which multiple devices share the same media
channel.
 Data Link Layer
• Hop-to-Hop (node-to-node) delivery
 Physical Layer

• Physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit

a bit stream over a physical medium.

• It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of

the interface and transmission medium.

• It also defines the procedures and functions that physical

devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to
occur.
 Physical Layer
• Physical layer is concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
• Representation of bits / Encoding
• Data rate : transmission rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
• baseband and broadband transmissions
• Multiplexing /De multiplexing
Physical Layer
Summary of Layers
 Suggested Reading

• Section

• 2.1,
• 2.2,
• 2.3,

• “Data Communications and Networking” 4th

Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan