z
CHAPTER 4:
FORMATION OF ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT AND ITS OBLIGATIONS
z
FORMATION OF ISLAMIC
GOVERNMENT
The formation of the Islamic government is a topic of great
importance in Islamic history. It refers to the establishment of a
system of governance that is based on Islamic principles and values.
This system of governance is guided by the teachings of the Quran
and the Sunnah, which are the primary sources of Islamic law.
The Islamic government is unique in that it combines both religious
and political authority. It is responsible for enforcing Islamic law and
ensuring that justice is served. This system of governance has been
in place since the time of the Prophet Muhammad, and it continues
to be an important part of Islamic society today.
"و ت وضح ل نا ا لدراساتا إلسالمية أنحقأو ل ىا ألمر أو أهلا لحلوا لعقد هو اختيار ا لخليفة ا لرئيس
ً ً
z وليسل هم أني ختار وا ش خص ا أو أشخاص ا غيره ل يفرضوهم عليه ل يتع اونوا معه مكونين، ف قط
ه قاختيار مع اوني سا لمختار و حده ح و ل لرئي، المية ة ا إلس "ا لحكوم
Islamic studies show us that the right of those in
authority or the Ahlul-hil wal-aqd- Those qualified to elect
or depose a caliph on behalf of the Muslim community- is to
choose the caliph (the chief) only, and they do not
have the right to choose a person or persons other
than him to impose them on him so that they
cooperate with him forming the Islamic government,
but (he) is the chosen leader alone have the right to
choose his assistants.
" وكانعمر ي ع د ن فسه مسئوال عنأخطاء، وعلىا لرئيسأني بذلجهداً ك بيراً ف ىاختيار مساعديه
z ب لك انأحياناً إذا أراد أني ختار وا لياً ذكر ا لشروط ا لتي،مساعديه حتىب ع د أني حسناختيارهم
"ي شترطها ف يه وتركل لحاضرينا الختيار
The president has to make a great effort in choosing
his assistants, Indeed, Umar considered himself
responsible for the mistakes of his assistants even
after he had chosen them well. Sometimes, if he
wanted to choose a governor, he mentioned the
conditions he required in him and left those present to
choose.
من وكي عن أمر المسامين شيئاً فولى رجال و هو يجد من هو أصلح: وقد روى عن الرسول قوله
z فقد خان هللا ورسوله، منه للمسلمين
It was narrated on the authority of the Messenger as
saying: Whoever takes over something from the
affairs of the Muslims, then appoints a man and he
finds someone who is better than him for the
Muslims, then he has betrayed God and His
Messenger.
: وفي هذا المجال يقول ابن تيمية
ألنه من تأدية، يجب على ولى األمر أن يولى على كل عمل من أعمال المسلمين أصلح من يجده لهذا العمل
z فإن،األمانة فى اآلية التي نزلت في والة األمور وفى قوله تعالى ( إن هللا يأمركم ان تؤدوا األمانات إلى أهلها
ودخل، فقد خان هللا ورسوله.. عدل ولي األمر عن األحق واألصلح إلى غيره ألجل قرابة أو صداقة أو مذهب
) و يا أيها الذين آمنوا ال تخونوا هللا والرسول وتخونوا أماناتكم وأنتم تعلمون: فيما نهى هللا عنه في قوله
In this respect, Ibn Taymiyyah says:
It is obligatory for the guardian to entrust every Muslim’s work to the most suitable
person he can find for this work, because it is part of the fulfillment of the trust in
the verse that was revealed about the rulers of affairs and in the Almighty’s saying:
Verily! Allah commands that you should render back the trusts to those, to whom
they are due.
If the ruler turns away from the deserving one to someone else for the sake of
kinship, friendship, or sect... then he has betrayed God and His Messenger, and
entered into what God forbade in His saying: O you who have believed, do not
betray Allah and the Messenger or betray your trusts while you know [the
consequence].
z
أسس مهمة حول السلطات اإلسالمية
Important foundations about Islamic authorities
وهى السلطة التنفيذية والسلطة التشريعية والسلطة، السلطات الثالث التى تعرفها في العهد الحاضر:أوال
القضائية
z
First, the three authorities that you know in the
present era, namely the executive authority, the
legislative authority, and the judicial authority
z
There is a difference between the legislative, executive and
judicial power
Judiciary
The judicial authority is the only authority that is separate in its
responsibility and does not interfere with it by any of the other
authorities. The judicial authority is the one that represents the
judiciary in the state, and this authority is specialized in
resolving disputes and achieving justice through the courts and
the Judicial Council, as well as it is responsible for the credibility
of the laws that are applied in the state.
z
There is a difference between the legislative, executive and
judicial power
Legislature
Represented by the Parliament and the Council of Ministers,
laws and legislations, the role of the executive authority that
implements the decisions made by the legislative authority, and
the executive authority represented by the president of the state,
the prime minister and ministers sets the laws that he presented
to the legislative authority for approval, the executive authority
represents the government and the official government
departments that follow it as well as security and police.
z
There is a difference between the legislative, executive and
judicial power
Executive Authority
Represented by the government, which is responsible for the
implementation of the laws enacted by Parliament. Managing
the country's internal and external affairs. Another definition of
the term “state”: It is that branch of the government responsible
for implementing the policies and rules set by the legislature. (In
modern democracies, it is generally organized in one of two
ways: the parliamentary system or the presidential system).
ليس لهم أن. من المبادئ التى اهتم بها المسلمون أن الحاكم وأهله وأعوانه الوزراء والوالة والقضاة- ثانيا
روى ان عامال لعمر بن الخطاب اسمه الحارث بن كعب ابن، يدخلوا الصفقات العامة بائعين أو مشتريين
z أما: فقال عمر. خرجت بنفقة معى فتجرت فيها: فسأله عمر عن مصدر ثرائه فأجاب، وهب ظهر عليه الثراء
وهللا ما بعثناكم لتتجروا وأخذ منه ما حصل عليه من ربح.
Secondly - Among the principles that Muslims cared about is
that the ruler, his family and his assistants are ministers,
governors and judges. They are not allowed to enter public
deals as sellers or buyers, it was narrated that a worker for
Umar bin Al-Khattab, whose name was Al-Harith bin Ka’b Ibn
Wahb, appeared to be wealthy, so Umar asked him about
the source of his wealth, and he replied: I went out with an
expense with me and traded with it. Omar said: As for God,
we did not send you to trade and take from him what he got
from the profit.
وقد اتخذت الهدايا والرشاوى وسائل، من أهم المحرمات على الرؤساء والوالة قبول الهدايا والرشاوى- ً ثالثا
فإنها في، فإذا قبل رئيس هدية من فرد أو من دولة أخرى،لإلضرار بالمصالح العامة في كثير من األحوال
z و هو بقبولها سيتيح للفرد أو الدولة تيسيرات تضر بالشعب ولهذا أعلن الرسول، الحق رشوة في ثوب هدية
ومن يغلل يأت بما غل، هدايا العمال غلول أي خيانة تدخل في نطاق قوله تعال ( وما كان لنبي أن يغل: قوله
) ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسبت،يوم القيامة
Third - One of the most important taboos for presidents and
governors is to accept gifts and bribes. Gifts and bribes have been
taken as means to harm public interests in many cases. The state
facilitates that harms the people, and that is why the Prophet
announced his saying: Gifts to workers are treachery, i.e. betrayal
that falls within the scope of the Almighty’s saying: (It is not
[attributable] to any prophet that he would act unfaithfully [in regard
to war booty]. And whoever betrays, [taking unlawfully], will come
with what he took on the Day of Resurrection. Then will every soul
be [fully] compensated for what it earned, and they will not be
wronged).
عرف المسلمون كذلك السمو بأهل الحل والعقد عن الوظائف ووالية األعمال حتى يتم فضلهم عن- رابعا
لماذا ال يولى أهل الحل والعقد في عصره- ولما سئل عمر، وحتى ال يكونوا خاضعين لها، السلطة التنفيذية
z أكره أن أدنسهم بالعمل: قال، ًأعماال.
Fourth - Muslims also knew the superiority of the ahlul-
hil wal-aqd over the jobs and the mandate of actions
so that they would be preferred over the executive
authority, and so that they would not be subject to it.
And when Umar was asked - Why do not the ahlul-hil
wal-aqd in his era not be entrusted with deeds, he
said: I hate to defile them with work.
فإن طالب العمل يدل بذلك على، كان االتجاه العام في صدر اإلسالم أن من طلب العمل ال يعطاه- ً خامسا
وقد روي أن رجال طلب إلى النبي صلى هللا عليه، وهذا الحرص يضعيفُ أهليته، حرصه على االنتفاع به
z إنا ال نستعمل على عملنا من يريده: وسلم أن يستعمله فقال له
Fifth - The general trend in early Islam was that
whoever asks for work is not given it, because the job
seeker indicates his eagerness to benefit from it, and
this eagerness weakens his eligibility.
And it was narrated that a man asked the Prophet,
may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, to use
him, and he said to him: We do not hire for our work
whoever wants it.
ولذلك اتجه المفكرون المسلمون، عرف الفكر اإلسالمي أن قلة مرتب العامل قد تدفعه إلى الشطط- سادسا
: حتى يرتفع بذلك عن الشبهات و فى ذلك يقول اإلمام على، إلى إعطاء العامل مرتبا فيه نوع من السخاء
z
ويخاطب اإلمام، إن على ولى األمر أن يفسح لواليه في البذل لتزول بذلك علته وتقل معه حاجته إلى الناس
وغنى لهم عن تناول، فإن ذلك قوة لهم على استصالح أنفسهم، أسبغ على والتك األرزاق: ولى األمر بقوله
وحجة عليهم إن خالفوا أمرك أو نقضوا األمانة، »ما تحت أيديهم
SIXTH- Islamic thought knew that the lack of a worker’s salary might lead
him to extremes. Therefore, Muslim thinkers tended to give the worker a
salary in which there was a kind of generosity, so that he would rise
above suspicions. In that regard,
Imam Ali says:
The guardian must allow his guardian to give so that his illness will be
removed and his need for people will decrease with him, and the imam
should address the guardian by saying: Give your governors sustenance,
for this is a strength for them to rectify themselves, and it is sufficient for
them to take what is under their hands, and an argument against them if
they disobey your order Or break the trust.
z
عمل الحكومة اإلسالمية
WORK OF THE ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT
وأنها تسير بالجماعة نحو، مجمل خصائص الحكومة اإلسالمية أنها تعمل لخدمة الشعب الذى اختارها
فالتاريخ يؤكد لنا أن كل من حكموا المسلمين حكما ً إسالميا ً بدعوا هذا الحكم أغنياء وتركوه،الرفاهية والتقدم
z فلما أسند لهم هذا العمل بعدوا عن المنع ولم يعرفوا طعم، وعرفوا قبله راحة البدن والمتع المباحة، فقراء
وسخروا كل قدراتهم لخدمة الشعب وإسعاده وحسبك أن تستعرض حياة الرسول وأبى بكر وعمر بن،الراحة
الخطاب وعمر ! ابن عبد العزيز لترى صوراً رائعة للحكومات اإلسالمية.
The sum of the characteristics of the Islamic
government is that it works to serve the people who
chose it, and that it leads the group towards prosperity
and progress. And they did not know the taste of
comfort, and they harnessed all their capabilities to
serve the people and make them happy. It is enough
for you to review the life of the Messenger, Abu Bakr,
Omar Ibn Al-Khattab and Omar! Ibn Abd al-Aziz to see
wonderful pictures of Islamic governments.
والذى يلزم الخليفة من األمور: قال، ونحن نقتبس منه بعض ما أورده، واجبات الخليفة- على طريقته- وقد عدد اإلمام المساوردى
: العامة عشرة أشياء
z
، فإن نجم مبتدع أو زاغ ذو شبة عنه أوضح له الحجة وبين له الصواب، وما أجمع عليه سلف األمة، حفظ الدين على أصوله المستقرة- ۱
.. واألمة ممنوعة من زلل، وأخذه بما يلزمه من الحقوق والحدود ليكون الدين محروسا ً من خلل
وقطع الخصام بين المتنازعين، تنفيذ األحكام بين المتشاجرين- ٢
حماية البيضة ليتصرف الناس فى المعايش وينتشروا في األسفارآمنين من تغرير بنفس أو مال- …
Imam Al Masawardi enumerated - in his own way - the duties of the caliph,
and we quote from him some of what he mentioned:
1- Preserving the religion on its stable principles, and what the ancestors of
the ummah agreed upon, so if an innovator or deviant star with a similarity to
it clears the argument for him and shows him the correctness, and takes him
with the necessary rights and limits so that the religion is guarded from
imbalance, and the ummah is prevented from slipping..
2- Executing judgments between quarrels, and severing disputes between
disputants
3- Protecting the territory so that people may dispose of livelihood and
spread out on travels, safe from being deceived with life or money.
z
4- Fortifying the frontiers with the equipment and the driving
force, so that the enemies do not appear at the treaties by
surprise, in which they violate a forbidden thing, or in which they
shed the blood of a Muslim or whoever.
5- Calling to Islam and jihad against the stubborn aggressors.
6- Collecting alms according to what the Shari’a required by text
and diligence without fear or abuse.
7 -Appreciation of gifts without extravagance or skimping.
8- The sufficiency of the trustees and imitation of the advisers.
9- Establishing borders to protect God's prohibitions.
10- To initiate himself to see things and navigate the situation.
z
Thank you!
