MATLAB Fundamentals

Dominic C. Ezugworie
[email protected]
+234 (0) 703 907 1904

© 2012-2014 Dominic C. Ezugworie

 The Headlines ...
 Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
 Variables and expressions
 Operators and Functions
 Input and Output
 Data Types I
 Script m-files

 Exercises
2
 Numbers and Arrays (Matrices 1)
Numbers
• MATLAB uses conventional decimal notation, with an
optional decimal point and leading plus or minus
sign, for numbers.
3 -99 0.0001 9.6397238
• Scientific notation uses the letter e to specify a
power-of-ten scale factor.
1.60210e-20 6.02252e23
• Imaginary numbers use either i or j as a suffix.
1i -3.14159j 3e5i
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 Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
• In the MATLAB environment, a matrix is a
rectangular array of numbers
– The most basic way of storing data in MATLAB
– Others: structures and cell arrays
• Scalar = 1-by-1 matrix
• Vector = only one row or only one column
• Matrices are basically created using the ‘[ ]’
• Let’s create some

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A typical 3-D array

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Matrices 1: create Albert Durer’s
matrix

You can enter matrices into MATLAB in

several different ways:
•Enter an explicit list of elements.
•Load matrices from external data files.
•Generate matrices using built-in functions.
•Create matrices with your own functions in
M-files.

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 Constructing a Simple Matrix
• The simplest way to create a matrix in MATLAB is to
use the matrix constructor operator, [].
• Create a row in the matrix by entering elements
within the brackets.
• Separate each element with a comma or space:
row = [E1, E2, ..., Em]
row = [E1 E2 ... Em]
• For example, to create a one row matrix of five
elements, type
A = [12 62 93 -8 22];
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 Constructing a Simple Matrix
• To start a new row, terminate the current row
with a semicolon:
• A = [row1; row2; ...; rown]
• An example of 4-by-4 matrix of numbers:
A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]

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 Specialized Matrix Functions
• zeros
• ones
• rand
• magic
• eye
• diag
• pascal
usage1: func(dim)
usage2: func(row,col)
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 Your turn:
find out the results of these
Ensure the
• zeros(3) + 5 parenthesis
are
complete!!!
• round(8*(rand(6)))
• diag(magic(5))
• diag(diag(magic(5)))
• eye(3)
• sum(magic(4))
• sum(magic(4),2)
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Other Specialized Matrices
• compan • rosser
• gallery • magic
• hadamard • toeplitz
• hankel • vander
• hilb • wilkinson
• invhilb • pascal

Check the documentation

for usage e.g.
>> doc gallery 11
 Moving ahead ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
•Operators and Functions
•Input and Output
•Script m-files

•Data Types I

•Exercises
12
 Variables and expressions
• MATLAB language provides mathematical expressions
– Entirely matrices
• MATLAB does not require any type declarations or
dimension statements.
– Variables are created appropriately as assigned
• Variable names consist of a letter, followed by any
number of letters, digits, or underscores.
– Case sensitive
• Expression – a sequence of variables and operators

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 Variables and expressions
• Expressions use familiar arithmetic operators and
precedence rules:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
\ Left division
^ Power
‘ Complex conjugate transpose
( ) Specify evaluation order
y = x^2 + 3*x + 1
F = 5*ones(3,3)
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 Do these...
1. 5+2
6. 6.3 -
2. 5*2 2.1045
3. 5/2 7. 3.6^2
4. 3 + 2 * 14 - 8. 1 + 2^2
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9. sqrt(5)
5. 2.54 * 8>2.6
10. cos(pi)

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 Moving ahead ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
Operators and Functions
•Input and Output
•Data Types I
•Script m-files

•Exercises

16
 Operators and Functions
• Operators operate on data and variables
– Arithmetic +, -, *, /, etc
– Relational <, >, ==, ~=, >=, <=
– Logical &,|, &&, ||
• Functions carry out tasks or operate on the
supplied arguments
– Mathematical functions: sin, log, trace, etc
– I/O functions: load, save
– Utility functions clear, who

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 Operator Precedence
Precedence levels determine the order in which MATLAB evaluates an
expression

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 Operators and Functions
MATLAB has extensive library of functions for
mathematical and other computational purposes
- The power of MATLAB lies here
•Trigonometric functions
•Logarithmic functions
•Polynomial functions
•Matrices manipulation functions
•Data import and export functions

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 Built-in MATLAB functions
• Trigonometric Functions
sin, cos, tan, sec, asin, acos, atan,
sind, cosd, tand, asind, acosd, atand,
sinh, etc
• Logarithmic Functions
log, log10, log2, exp
sqrt, nthroot, etc
• Complex number functions
abs, angle, complex, real, imag, etc

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 Built-in MATLAB functions
• Polynomial functions
conv, poly, roots, polyfit, polyval
• Matrices analysis and manipulation functions
diag, eye, sum, max, min,
size, cat, reshape,
det, rank, trace, eig, etc
• Rounding and Remainder functions
round, Ceil, floor, fix, rem, mod

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 Try these now

• Without knowing the number and the radix priori,

How do you determine the number of digits in a
number?

• Given a value for x, what is the square root of:

3x2 - 5x + 57
 Built-in MATLAB functions

For more:
Visit the Help Documentation

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 Moving ahead ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
Operators and Functions
Input and Output
•Data Types I
•Script m-files

•Exercises

24
 Input and Output 1
(saving your work)
• Save, load and recording functions
save(‘filename’, ’content’);
load(‘filename’)
diary(‘filename’)
• Displaying and writing functions
disp(varname); disp(expression);
str = sprintf(‘format’, A, ...)
fprintf(fileID, format, A, ...)

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 Moving ahead ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
Operators and Functions
Input and Output
Data Types I

•Script m-files

•Exercises
26
 Data Types I
 So far we’ve been dealing with numbers
(numeric data type).
 Other forms of data include:
• Characters and strings
• Logical class

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 Characters and strings
• Creating character arrays
hchar = 'h'; % a single character (1x1 array)
hstr = 'Hello World';
% a string of characters (1x11 vector)
% in a matrix of characters, the array must be
rectangular
name1 = ['Thomas R. Lee'; ...
'Sr. Developer'; ...
'SFTware Corp.'];
% else pad the shorter strings with space characters
name2 = ['Harold A. Jorgensen '; ...
'Assistant Project Manager'; ...
'SFTware Corp. '];
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 Characters and strings
• Compare two strings
C = strcmp(str1,str2)
C = strncmp(str1, str2, n)
• Converting to strings
char([72 104])
num2str(number)

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 Logical class
• represents a logical true or false state using
the numbers 1 and 0, respectively
• The values returned by relational and logical
operators and expressions
• It can be an array
[30 40 50 60 70] > 40
• Used in:
– Conditional statements, logical indexing, while
loops
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 Logical class
• The popular logic table
true | false
high | low
1 | 0
yes | no

• Remember this (somewhat) “funny” rule:

– “true is anything that is not false”
– i.e. true = anyValue ≠ 0;
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 Next Stage ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
Operators and Functions
Input and Output
Data Types I
Script m-files

•Exercises

32
 Script m-files
• Typically a “source code” file, created using
the MATLAB editor/debugger.
• create and save code in files called M-files.
• can be reused anytime you wish to repeat
your calculations.
• Save files in your working folder
• Use valid MATLAB variable names

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 Script m-files
• Script -> the simplest type of MATLAB program
• Saved in m-file (i.e. with .m extension)
• Contains multiple sequential lines of MATLAB
commands and function calls
• Run script by typing name at the command line

• Create a new script by executing either of:

>> edit
>> edit nameOfscript
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Creating a Script m-file

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 Creating a Script m-file
• Type in the MATLAB commands, expressions and
function calls
• Good practice: one expression per line
• End each expression with semicolon as
appropriate
• Good practice: comment generously
• Good practice: present an easily
readable code

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 Sample Script m-file
>> edit plotRand

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 Execute Sample Script m-file

>> plotRand % method 1, from command line

Method 2, from the

editor window:
- Click the save and run
button

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Output from sample script file

Note: data is random

- Your output may be
different from this one
Sample Script m-file
(with comments)

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Your turn: create, and execute this one.
Examine your results

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 After this session ...
Numbers and Arrays (Matrices I)
Variables and expressions
Operators and Functions
Input and Output
Data Types I
Script m-files
Exercises

42
 Exercises
• Listen attentively
• Endeavour to read very well
• Practice, Practice, Practice
• Feel free to experiment

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Then go scratch out
some calculations

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