Descriptive Statistics

Connect Descriptive Statistics with data: 

 Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of Position
 Measures of Variability

 Measures of Central Tendency

 A single value that represents a data set
 Its purpose is to locate the center of a data set.
 Commonly referred to as an average.

(a) MEAN ()
 A set of data has only one mean
 Applied for interval and ratio data
 All values in the data set are included
 Affected by the extreme small or large values on a data set
MEAN for UNGROUPED DATA
(a) Sample Mean: (b) Population Mean: (c) Weighted Mean: (d) Mean for Simple Frequency
𝜮𝒙 𝜮𝒙 Distribution:
𝒙= 𝝁= 𝜮 𝒘𝒙
𝒏 𝑵 𝒙= 𝜮 𝒇𝒙
𝜮𝒘 𝒙=
𝒏
Example:
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at JNM Inc. are ₧550,
₧420, ₧560, ₧500, ₧700, ₧670, ₧860, ₧480. Find the mean daily
rate of employee.
Solution:

𝒙=
∑ 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏+ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟑 +⋯ + 𝒙 𝒏
¿
𝒏 𝒏
𝟓𝟓𝟎+𝟒𝟐𝟎+𝟓𝟔𝟎+𝟓𝟎𝟎+𝟕𝟎𝟎+𝟔𝟕𝟎+𝟖𝟔𝟎+𝟒𝟖𝟎
¿
𝟖
𝟒 ,𝟕𝟒𝟎
¿
𝟖
𝒙=𝟓𝟗𝟐.𝟓𝟎
Sample mean daily salary is ₧592.50
Example:

A student took 3 exams in Math. He finished the first exam in 45 minutes and
got a grade of 88; 60 minutes on the second exam and scored 92; and 90 minutes on the third
exam and got 85. What was the student’s mean score for the three exams?

Solution:
𝜮 𝒘𝒙 𝒘 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏+ 𝒘 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐+𝒘 𝟑 𝒙 𝟑
𝒙= ¿
𝜮𝒘 𝒘 𝟏+ 𝒘 𝟐+𝒘 𝟑
(𝟒𝟓)(𝟖𝟖)+(𝟔𝟎)(𝟗𝟐)+(𝟗𝟎)(𝟖𝟓)
𝒙=
𝟒𝟓+𝟔𝟎+𝟗𝟎
𝟏𝟕 ,𝟏𝟑𝟎
¿
𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝒙=𝟖𝟖

the student’s mean score for the three exams is

Weighted
Mean
 The scores of 20 students in a 10-item quiz is shown below. Find the mean
𝐸 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: score of the class.
Solution:
𝜮 𝒇𝒙
𝒙=
𝒏
𝟏𝟏𝟑
𝒙=
𝟐𝟎

𝒙=𝟓 . 𝟔𝟓

𝜮 𝒇𝒙

Mean for Simple frequency

Distribution
Mean for GROUPED DATA
Example:

(a)
8(65) = 520

where 5(72) = 360

𝑥=𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠
 is the midpoint of the lower limit and upper limit ADD

𝑛=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
=

𝑙𝑙+𝑢𝑙 62+68
𝑥= ¿ ¿ 65
2 2
𝜮 𝒇𝒙
69+75 𝒙=
¿ 2 𝒏
2

𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟖
𝒏 𝜮 𝒇𝒙
𝟔𝟓 𝒙=𝟖𝟖 . 𝟓
¿
76 +82
9 𝒙=
2
Mean for GROUPED DATA Example: Find the mean of the given data shown below.

(b) Class

[ ]
intervals f x d fd 𝜮 𝒇𝒅
𝒙=𝒙 𝟎+ 𝑪
where 62 – 68 8 65 -4 -32 𝒏

𝒏=𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔
69 – 75
76 – 82
5
9
72
79
-3
-2
-15
-18
𝑥=93+
[ − 41
65 ](7)

𝒅 =𝒄𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 83 – 89 11 86 -1 -11 𝑥=93+(− 4.4)

𝑪=𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆(𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉) 90 – 96 12 93 0 𝒙=𝟖𝟖 . 𝟔
0 A
Step1: look for the highest frequency D
for our modal class
97 – 103 10 100 1 10 D
modal class = 90 - 96 104 – 110 5 107 2 10
𝑐 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
111 – 117 5 114 3 15
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
𝒏 65 -41 𝜮 𝒇𝒅
7 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶=7

Mean for GROUPED DATA

(b) MEDIAN ()
 It is unique, there is only one median for a set of data
 It is a positional value
 It is found by arranging the set of data from lowest or highest (or highest to lowest) and getting the
value of the middle observation
 It is not affected by the extreme small or large values

 It can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data

MEDIAN for UNGROUPED DATA

Example: Given the data: 7, 5, 6, 8, 9, 2, 6 Find the median.
Solution:
Step 1 ⇰ Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
2 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7, 8 , 9 Step 3 ⇰ Identify the median.
Step 2 ⇰ Solve for the middle rank.
2 , 5 , 6 , 66, 7, 8 , 9
7 +1 8
Use: ¿
2
= =4 𝑡h
2 ~ 𝒙=𝟔 4th
The MEDIAN is 6
Example:
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at JNM Inc. are ₧550, ₧420,
₧560, ₧500, ₧700, ₧670, ₧860, ₧480. Find the median daily rate of employee.

Solution:
Step 1 ⇰ 420 , 480 , 500 , 550 , 560 , 670 , 700 , 860
Step 2 ⇰ Use: .5
Step 3 ⇰ 420 , 480 , 500 , 550 , 560 , 670 , 700 , 860
4th 5th

4.5th

~ 4 𝑡h +5 𝑡h 550+560
𝑥= ¿ =₧ 𝟓𝟓𝟓
2 2
The median is
 Example: Find the median of the given data shown
MEDIAN for GROUPED DATA

[ ] [ ]
Class 𝒏
𝒏 intervals − <𝒄 𝒇
−<𝒄 𝒇 f <cf~ 𝟐
~ 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝑳𝑳 𝑹 + 𝑪
𝒙 =𝑳𝑳 𝑹 + 𝑪 𝒇
𝒇

⟹
[ ]
where ⟹ 62 – 68 8 8 32.5 − 22
~
69 – 75 5 13 𝑥=82.5+ 11
(
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 76 – 82 9 22 ~
𝑥=82.5+ [ 6.7 ]
𝑛=𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 83 – 89 11 33 32.5~
¿𝑐 𝑓 =𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 90 – 96 12 45 𝒙=𝟖𝟗.𝟐
𝐶=𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡h ) 97 – 103 10 55 the median is 89.2
𝒏 65
¿ =32.5 104 – 110 5 60
𝟐 2 Locate 32.5 in <cf to find out modal class
111 – 117 5 65
The modal class is 83 - 89
𝐿𝐿 𝑅= 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝒏 65
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 0.5
𝐿𝐿 𝑅=83 −0.5 ¿𝑐 𝑓 =𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐿𝐿 𝑅=82.5 ¿ 𝑐𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡h𝑒<𝑐𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓 =11
¿ 𝑐𝑓 =22
 (c) MODE ()
 It is found by locating the most frequently occurring value
 The easiest average to compute
 There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given data set
 It is not affected by the extreme small or large values
 It can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data
 The value in a data set that appears most frequently
 A data may not contain any mode if none of the values is most typical.
Unimodal  With 1 mode Multimodal  With more than 2 modes
Bimodal Þ With 2 modes No mode ÞWithout mode
ÞWith equal number of frequency
MODE for UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
In the given the set of scores: 2 , 5 , 6 , 66, 7 , 8 , 9 , 66
since it appears the most number of times.
 MODE for UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1: The following data represent the total sales for Condominium units from a sample of
10 Real Estates for the month of August: 15, 17, 10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8, and 9. Find the mode.
Solution: The ordered array for these data is
8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17
The mode is 10.
Example 2: An operations manager in charge of a company’s manufacturing keeps track of the
mber of manufactured 55” LED Television in a day. Compute for the following data that represents
e number of LED Television manufactured for the past three weeks: 20, 18, 19, 25, 20, 21, 20, 25, 30,
, 28, 29, 25, 25, 27, 26, 22, and 20. Find the mode of the given data set.
Solution: The ordered array for these data is
18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29, 30
There are two modes 20 and 25.
Example 3: Let the resulting scores be: 32, 37, 42, 41, 56, 59, 83, 65, 96 and 71, Determine the mode.
Answer:
There is no mode as every score has equal frequency.
 MODE for GROUPED DATA Example:
𝒅𝟏
[ ]
Class
^
𝒙 =𝑳𝑳 𝑹+ 𝑪 intervals f
𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐
where
⇒ 62 – 68 8
69 – 75 5
76 – 82 9
83 – 89 11
𝒅𝟏
𝐶=𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡h ) 90 – 96 12
97 – 103 10 𝒅𝟐
STEP 1: Find the highest number of frequency
to identify the modal class 104 – 110 5
modal class = 90 -96
111 – 117 5
STEP 2: above and below highest frequency 65
will be our deviation
STEP 3: Compute
^
𝒙 = 𝑳𝑳 𝑹+
[1 𝒅𝟏
𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐
𝑪
] ~
𝑥= 89.5 + [ 2.33 ]
Lower limit – 0.5
90 – 0.5 = 89.5
~
𝑥=89.5+ [ ]
1+2
(7) ~
𝒙 =𝟗𝟏 .𝟖
The mode is 91.8
 MODE for GROUPED DATA

(b) True Mode: ^ = 3(89.2)− 2(88.6)

⇒𝒙
^
𝑥 =267.6 − 177.2
^
𝒙 =𝟗𝟎 . 𝟒
From the previous example,
𝑥=88.6 Class
f x
~
𝑥= 89.2
intervals
62 – 68 8 65
(c) Crude Mode: 69 – 75 5 72
76 – 82 9 79
Modal class is the class interval with highest frequency
83 – 89 11 86
Therefore, the crude mode of the 90 – 96 12 93
given data is the midpoint of the modal class.
97 – 103 10 100
^ 𝟗𝟎+𝟗𝟔
𝒙= 104 – 110 5 107
𝟐
^𝒙 =𝟗𝟑 111 – 117 5 114
65
MODE for GROUPED DATA
Class
f x
If two or more adjacent intervals have the same frequency and
intervals both are the largest, the mode is considered to be at the mid-
62 – 68 8 65 point of the entire range covered by these intervals.
69 – 75 5 72
76 – 82 9 79 Here the intervals, 90-96 and 97-103 have 12 frequencies
83 – 89 7 each. In this case crude mode is the mid-point of the entire
86
90 – 96 12 range. 90-103 (both class intervals are combined).
93
97 – 103 12 100 𝟗𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟑
104 – 110 4 𝑪𝒓𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆= =𝟗𝟔 . 𝟓
107 𝟐
111 – 117 3
114 or
60
 MODE for GROUPED DATA
Class Here both the interval, 83 – 89 and 97 – 103
intervals f x
Have 12 frequencies each and these two class intervals
62 – 68 8 65 are the midpoints of each
69 – 75 5 72
76 – 82 9 79 Crude mode = 86 and 100
83 – 89 12 86
90 – 96 7 93
97 – 103 12 100
104 – 110 4 107
111 – 117 3 114
60
 Measures of Position
- are used to describe the location of a specific piece of data in relation to the rest of the
sample.
 QUARTILES
 Are number values of the variable that divide the ranked data into 4 parts.
 Each set of data has 3 quartiles
Ranked data, in ascending order
25% 25% 25% 25%
L 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 H
 DECILES
 Are number values of the variable that divide the ranked data into 10 parts.
 Each set of data has 9 deciles.
Ranked data, in ascending order
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
L 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3 𝐷4 𝐷5 𝐷6 𝐷7 𝐷8 𝐷9 H
 PERCENTILES
 Are number values of the variable that divide the ranked data into 100 parts
 Each set of data has 99 percentiles.
Ranked data, in ascending order
1% 1% 1% 1% . .. 1% 1% 1%
L 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃𝑛 𝑃 98 𝑃 99 H

MEASURES OF POSITION FOR UNGROUPED DATA

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
Step 2: Solve for the location of the quantile
Use: where p = desired percentage
n = number of data/scores
q = quantile (4, 10,100)
Step 3: Locate the score corresponding to the obtained location in the distribution
Step 4: If the obtained location is not exact, interpolate.
 Interpolation:

Step 5: Get the difference between the upper and lower score.
Step 6: Multiply the difference by the decimal part in the computed location.
Step 7: Add the product to the lower score.
Example: Given the data :
Find: (a) (b)
26 51 44 23 25 61 45
23 43 41 55 34 35 65
Solution: Arrange the data:
23 23 25 26 34 35 41 43 44 45 51 55 61 65
Find: (a)
𝑝 (𝑛+1)4 (14+1)
L ¿
𝑞
¿
10
¿ 6 𝑡h location

23 23 25 26 34 35
35 41 43 44 45 51 55 61 65
𝑇h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , 𝑫 𝟒=𝟑𝟓 6th
Find: (b)
9th
Arrange the data:
23 23 25 26 34 35 41 43 44 44 45 51 55 61 65
𝑝 (𝑛+1) 60 (14+1)
L ¿ ¿ ¿ 9 𝑡h location
𝑞 100
𝑇h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , 𝑷 𝟔𝟎 =𝟒𝟒
Find: (c) 11.25
Arrange the data:
23 23 25 26 34 35 41 43 44 45 5111th
55
12th
61 65
𝑝 (𝑛+1)3 (14+1)
L ¿ ¿
4
¿11.25 location
𝑞
Interpolation:
Step 5: Get the difference between the upper and lower score. ⇒12 𝑡h 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒− 11 𝑡h 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒=55− 51=4
4
Step 6: Multiply the difference by the decimal part in the computed ⇒ 4 ( .25 ) =𝟏
location.
Step 7: Add the product to the lower score. ⇒ 𝑄 3=11 𝑡h +𝟏
¿ 51+ 1
⇒ 𝑄 3=52
 MEASURES OF POSITION FOR GROUPED DATA

[ ]
𝑝𝑛
𝑝𝑡h 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 : 4
−≺ 𝑐 𝑓
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 + 𝐶
𝑓

𝑝𝑡h 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 :
[ ]
𝑝𝑛
−≺𝑐 𝑓
10
𝐷𝑝 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 + 𝐶
𝑓
𝑝𝑡h 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 :
[ ]
𝑝𝑛
−≺ 𝑐 𝑓
100
𝑃 𝑝 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 + 𝐶
𝑓
Where
= lower real limit <cf = cumulative frequency
n = sample size C = class width
f = frequency p = desire position of quantile
q = quantile (4, 10,100)
 Steps in solving Quantile Measures:
Class f <cf
Step 1: Prepare the frequency distribution table Intervals
Step 2: Record the cumulative frequencies 62 – 68 8 8
Step 3: Determine and identify the class where it belongs 69 – 75 5 13
Step 4: Determine the class size. 76 – 82 9
≺ 𝑐22
𝑓
Step 5: Plug in values to the formula. 83 – 89 11 33
Example: (a) Find 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 ⇒ 90 – 96 12 𝑓 45
⇒32.5
𝑝𝑛 2(65) 𝐿𝐿 𝑅=83 −0.5=82.5 97 – 103 10 55
= =32.5 104 – 110 5
4 4quartile 60

[ ]
𝑝𝑛 111 – 117 5
−≺𝑐 𝑓 65
𝑄2 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 +
4
𝐶 n=65
𝑓

𝑄2 =82.5+
[ 32.5 −22
11
(7)
]
𝑄2 =82.5+6.681

𝑸 𝟐=𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟖
Example: (b) Find

[ ]
Class f <cf 𝑝𝑛
Intervals 10
−≺𝑐 𝑓 𝐿𝐿 𝑅=76 −0.5=75.5
𝐷3 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 + 𝐶
62 – 68 8 𝑓
8
69 – 75 5 ≺ 𝑐13
𝑓 𝑝𝑛 3(65)
76 – 82 9 = =19.5
22
83 – 89 𝑓11 ⇒ 19.5 10 10
decile
33
90 – 96
97 – 103
12
10
45
55
𝐷3 =75.5+
[
19.5 −13
9 ](7)

104 – 110 5 60 𝐷3 =75.5+5.055

111 – 117 5 65 𝑫 𝟑=𝟖𝟎 . 𝟓𝟔
n=65
Example: (c) Find

Class f <cf

[ ]
Intervals 𝑝𝑛
−≺𝑐 𝑓
62 – 68 8 100
8 𝑃 95 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑅 + 𝐶
𝑓
69 – 75 5
13 𝑝𝑛 95(65)
76 – 82 9 = =61.75
22 100 100percentile
83 – 89 11
33
90 – 96 12 𝐿𝐿 𝑅=111− 0.5=110.5
97 – 103 10 45
104 – 110
111 – 117
5 55
5 ≺ 𝑐60
𝑓
𝑃 95=110.5 +
[ 61.75 − 60
5 ](7)

𝑃 95=110.5 +2.45
n=65 65
𝑓 ⇒61.75 𝑷 𝟗𝟓 =𝟏𝟏𝟐 .𝟗𝟓
 Measures of Variability
 describes how far apart data points lie from each other and from the center of a distribution.
(a) RANGE - The difference of the highest value and the lowest value in the data set.
Example: The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are ₧550, ₧420, ₧560,
₧500, ₧700, ₧670, ₧860, ₧480. Find the range. Example: b
Solution: 420, 480, 500, 550, 560, 670, 700, 860
x | |
HV = ₧860 and LV = ₧420 =|
Range = HV – LV = 860 – 420 83 0.1429 = 0.1429
R = 440 79 3.8571
|
(b) MEAN DEVIATION 19.1429   86 3.1429 =|
𝑴𝑫= = 3.8 571
 It is the average distance between the 𝟕 82 82.8571 0.8571
|
mean and the scores in the distribution. 𝑴𝑫=𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟕 78 4.8571 =|

∑ ¿ 𝒙 − 𝒙∨¿ ¿ 𝒙 ⇒𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 88 5.1429 = 3.1429

𝑴𝑫= 𝒙 ⇒ scores
𝒏 84 1.1429
total number of scores

𝒙=
𝟖𝟑+𝟕𝟗+𝟖𝟔+𝟖𝟐+𝟕𝟖+𝟖𝟖+𝟖𝟒
𝟕
=𝟖𝟐 .𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝒏=𝟕
∑|𝒙−𝒙|=¿¿ 19.1429
 (c) VARIANCE
 It is a mathematical expectation of the average squared deviations from the mean.
Individual value
Sample

𝝈 𝟐=∑ ¿¿¿
Variance
Sample mean
Example:
Sample Population
x |
83
79
0.1429
3.8571
2
⇒|𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗| =0.0204
2
⇒|𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏| =14.8772
∑ ¿¿
𝝈 𝟐=∑ ¿¿¿
86 3.1429 2
⇒|𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗| =9.8778

82 82.8571 0.8571 2
⇒|𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏| =0.7346

78 4.8571 2
⇒|𝟒 .𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏| =23.5914 𝟐 𝟕𝟔 . 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟕
𝝈 =
88 5.1429 2
⇒|𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗| =26.4494 𝟕 −𝟏
𝟐 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟕
84 1.1429
2
⇒|𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗| =1.3062 𝝈 =
𝟔
𝝈 𝟐=𝟏𝟐 .𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟓
Example:

x
83
x2
6,889 ⇒=83 2=6,889
𝝈 =∑ 𝒙 −¿¿¿¿
𝟐 𝟐
( 𝟓𝟖𝟎 )𝟐
𝟒𝟖 , 𝟏𝟑𝟒 −
79 6,241 ⇒=792 =6,241
𝟐 𝟕
𝝈 =
𝟕−𝟏
86 7,396 ⇒=86 2=7,396
𝟐 𝟒𝟖,𝟏𝟑𝟒− 𝟒𝟖,𝟎𝟓𝟕.𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗
82 82.8571 6,724 ⇒=82 2=6,724 𝝈=
𝟔
78 6,084 ⇒=78 2=6,084 8095
88 7,744 2
⇒=88 =7,744

84 7,056 ⇒=84 2 =7,056

580 48,134

∑𝒙 ∑ 𝒙 𝟐
(d) STANDARD DEVIATION VARIANCE

 It is a statistical term that provides a good indication of volatility.

 It measures how widely values are dispersed from the average.
𝝈 =∑ ¿¿¿
𝟐

 It is calculated as the square root of variance

(e) SEMI-INTERQUARTILE RANGE

𝝈=√∑ ¿¿¿¿
Sample SD
 It is half of the difference between (or ) )

Example:
𝝈=
√𝟕𝟔.𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟕
𝟕𝟔.𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟕
𝟕−𝟏
Example x
83
78 79 82 83 84 86 88
𝑸𝟑 −𝑸 𝟏

√
𝑸=
𝟐
79
𝝈= (or ) = 86
𝟔
𝝈 =√ 𝟏𝟐.𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟓
86 (or ) = 79
82 𝟖𝟔 − 𝟕𝟗
𝝈 =𝟑.𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟎 𝑸=
𝟐
=𝟑 . 𝟓𝟎
78
88

∑ ¿¿ 84