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Chapter 2-2

The document defines and provides examples of different types of sets: - A set is a collection of distinct objects. Sets can be described by listing elements or using set-builder notation. - Types of sets include empty, singleton, finite, infinite, equivalent, equal, universal, subset, proper subset, improper subset, and power set. Examples are given to illustrate each type of set. The cardinal number represents the number of elements in a set.

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Carissa Palomo
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36 views19 pages

Chapter 2-2

The document defines and provides examples of different types of sets: - A set is a collection of distinct objects. Sets can be described by listing elements or using set-builder notation. - Types of sets include empty, singleton, finite, infinite, equivalent, equal, universal, subset, proper subset, improper subset, and power set. Examples are given to illustrate each type of set. The cardinal number represents the number of elements in a set.

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Carissa Palomo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICAL

LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOLS
SETS
SET – is a well-defined collection of objects, numbers, people, letters, other sets, and so on which
have something in common or objects grouped together following a rule.
 Braces,{ }, are used to enclose the members of a set when listed.
 The listing of the elements in a different order does not change the set.
 The following are not well-defined sets.
----The set of interesting courses you can take
----The set of good instructors in BASC
----The set of big people
SETS
Examples: S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, H = { a, b, c, d}, A = { ♠, ♣, ♥,
♦}
Element () or member – the object in a set
Not element or non-membership () – the object is not belong to the set
1 --- True
10 S --- False
10 S --- True
Two ways to describe a set:
• ROSTER/TABULAR METHOD – the elements in the given set are listed
or enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a pair of braces.

• RULE/DESCRIPTIVE METHOD – the common characteristic of the


elements are defined. This method uses set builder notation where x is
used to represent any element of the given set.
Examples:
• Roster/Tabular Method
A = {Chemistry, Math, Physics, Statistics}
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
• Rule/Descriptive Method
x/x is read as “x such that x”
C = {x/x A and B}
D = {x/x is a letter of the English alphabet}
Examples:
 List the elements of each set in roster form.
1. The set of whole(W) numbers .
W= { 0,1,2,3,4,5,…}
2. The set of days(D)with names containing the letter s.
D={ Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday, Sunday}
3. A={ x/x is a counting number less than 5}
A= { 1,2,3,4}
Examples:
 Write each set in set builder notation.
1. The set of even counting numbers.
Z={x/x is an even counting numbers}
2. Set A is a months of the year containing 31 days.
A={x/x is a months of the year containing 31 days}
3. A= {1,3,5,7,…}
A= {x/x is an odd numbers}
Types of Sets

1. Empty/Null/Void Set
- set with no element
- denoted by Ø or by a pair of braces { }
A = {x/x is a name of a fruit starts with letter z}
For example:
1. The set of whole numbers less than 0. = ∅
Clearly there is no whole number less than 0. 
2. A = {x : 2 < x < 3, x is a natural number} 
Here A is an empty set because there is no natural number between 2 and 3.
Types of Sets

2. Singleton Set
it is a set which contains only one element.
For example:
a. C = {x / x is a months of the year with 28 days}
It is a singleton set containing one element, i.e.,
C={February}
b. D = {x /x is a whole number, x < 1}
This set contains only one element 0 and is a singleton set.
D= {0}
Types of Sets
c. F = {x / x ∈ N and x² = 9}
Here F is a singleton set because there is only one element 3 whose square is 9.
F= { 3}

3. Finite Set
- is a set which contains a definite number of elements. Empty set is also called a finite set, since the
number of elements in an empty set is finite, i.e., 0.
For example:
a. The set of all colors in the rainbow.
b. G = {x / x ∈ N, x < 7}
c. H = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...... 97}
d. Y = {x/x is a letter of the English alphabet}
Types of Sets

4. Infinite Set
- is a set whose
. { a, b, c, elements cannot
d,…z} is an infinite set be listed, i.e., set containing never-ending elements. 
For example:
a. Set of all points in a plane 
b. I = {x / x ∈ N, x > 1}
c. Set of all prime numbers 
d. B = {x / x ∈ W, x = 2n}
Types of Sets

5. Cardinal Number of a Set


The number of distinct elements in a given set A is called the cardinal number of A. It is denoted by n(A). 
For example:
a. J= {x : x ∈ N, x < 5} 
J = {1, 2, 3, 4} 
Therefore, n(J) = 4 
b. K = set of letters in the word ALGEBRA 
K = {A, L, G, E, B, R} 
Therefore, n(K) = 6 
Types of Sets

6. Equivalent Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent if their cardinal number is same, i.e., n(A)
= n(B). The symbol for denoting an equivalent set is ‘↔’. 
For example:
L = {1, 2, 3} Here n(L) = 3 
M= {p, q, r} Here n(M) = 3 
Therefore, L ↔ M 
Types of Sets

7. Equal sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they contain the same elements. Every
element of A is an element of B and every element of B is an element of A. 

For example:
A = {p, q, r, s} 
B = {p, s, r, q} 
Therefore, A = B 
Types of Sets
8. Universal Set
This is the set which is the base for every other set formed. Depending upon the context,
the universal set is decided. It may be a finite or infinite set. All the other sets are the
subsets of the Universal set. It is represented by U.

For example.
The set of real numbers is a universal set of integers. Similarly, the set of a complex
number is the universal set for real numbers.
Types of Sets

9. Subset
- a set every element of which can be found on a bigger set
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x,
y, z}
V = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
V is a subset of denoted by V.
Types of Sets

For example: A= {-8,10,5}


Subset of A= ϕ,{-8},{10},{5},{-8,10},{10,5},{5,-8},
{-8,10,5}
 If a set A contains elements which are all the elements
of set B as well, then A is known as the subset of B.
Types of Subsets
• Proper Subset -denoted by
• Improper Subset – denoted by
A proper subset is one that contains few elements of the original set whereas an improper subset,
contains every element of the original set along with the null set.
For example, if set A = {1, 2, 3}, then,
Number of subsets: {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3} and Φ or {}.
Proper Subset: {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}
Improper Subset: {1,2,3} and Φ
There is no particular formula to find the subsets, instead, we have to list them all, to differentiate between proper and
improper one
Types of Sets

10. Power Set


It is a set containing all the subsets of the given set with n number of
elements. The number of elements of the power set is .
A = {1, 2, 3} n(A) = 3
P(A) = {{ }, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1,2,3}} n (P(A)) = 8

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