Module 5

Cloud computing

 The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software and
databases that run on those servers.
 Cloud servers are located in data centers all over the world.
 By using cloud computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical servers
themselves or run software applications on their own machines.
 Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computing resources (such as storage
and infrastructure), as services over the internet.
 It eliminates the need for individuals and businesses to self-manage physical resources
themselves, and only pay for what they use.
Cloud Computing Architecture

 cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the
information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet
connection.
 Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
architecture and event-driven architecture.
 Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
• Front End
• Back End
 Front End:
 The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms.
 The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat
clients, tablets, and mobile devices.
 Back End
 The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to
provide cloud computing services.
 It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying
models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

 1. Client Infrastructure
 Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface)  to
interact with the cloud.
 2. Application
 The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
 3. Service
 A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

 4. Runtime Cloud
 Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.
 5. Storage
 Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge amount
of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.
 6. Infrastructure
 It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure
includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices,
virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud
computing model.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

 7. Management
 Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.
 8. Security
 Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.
 9. Internet
 The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate with
each other.
cloud service models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
2. Software as a Service (SaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).

 It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet.
 The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and
managing the physical servers.
 Characteristics of IaaS
• Resources are available as a service
• Services are highly scalable
• Dynamic and flexible
• GUI and API-based access
• Automated administrative tasks
 Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute
Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

 PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage
the applications.
 Characteristics of PaaS
• Accessible to various users via the same development application.
• Integrates with web services and databases.
• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the
organization's need.
• Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".
 Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

 SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud
service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web browser.
 Characteristics of SaaS
• Managed from a central location
• Hosted on a remote server
• Accessible over the internet
• Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically.
• The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis
 Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and
GoToMeeting.
 Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data center to store It provides virtual platforms and tools to It provides web software and apps to
information and create platforms for app create, test, and deploy apps. complete business tasks.
development, testing, and deployment.

It provides access to resources such as It provides runtime environments and It provides software as a service to the
virtual machines, virtual storage, etc. deployment tools for applications. end-users.

It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

IaaS provides only Infrastructure. PaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform. SaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.
Public cloud

 This type of cloud is open to the public.

 It is accessible to the public.
 Public deployment models in the cloud are perfect for organizations with growing and
fluctuating demands.
 Its configuration and deployment are quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test
environments.
Benefits of Public Cloud

 Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal
for businesses who need quick access to resources
 No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
 No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to utilize the
public cloud.
Limitations of Public Cloud

 Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect
against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
 Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it can
lead to malfunction and outages
 Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap
Private Cloud

 Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater control over data & resources will find
the private cloud a more suitable choice.
 It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your IT team.
 Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally.
 The private cloud offers bigger opportunities that help meet specific organizations'
requirements when it comes to customization.
 It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have frequently changing
requirements.
Benefits of Private Cloud

 Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel gets
access
 Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with better
access and higher levels of security.
 Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the
public cloud.
Limitations of Private Cloud

 Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the public
cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and training.
 Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
 High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.
Community Cloud

 The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud.
 There's just one difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share
common objectives and use cases.
 This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and hosted internally or by
a third-party vendor. However, you can also choose a combination of all three.
Benefits of Community Cloud

 Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public cloud
and provides great performance
 Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.
Limitations of Community Cloud

 Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community resources
often pose challenges.
 Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or available
across industries
Hybrid Cloud

 As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud architectures.
While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently.
 A company with critical data will prefer storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive
data can be stored on a public cloud. The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud
bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs an application on-premises, but due to
heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.
Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

• Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
• Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
• Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that fit
their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

• Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or more
cloud architectures
• Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple use
cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data
A Comparative Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

mportant Factors to Public Private Community Hybrid

Consider

Setup and ease of use Easy Requires professional IT Requires professional IT Requires professional IT
Team Team Team

Data Security and Low High Very High High

Privacy

Scalability and High High Fixed requirements High

flexibility

Cost-Effectiveness Most affordable Most expensive Cost is distributed Cheaper than private but
among members more expensive than
public

Reliability Low High Higher High

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1.On-Demand Self-Service
 Cloud computing allows on-demand self-services.
 Services include storage, networking, analysis, etc.
 Users can select and use single or multiple services depending on their needs.
 Users can make use of resources following their needs and specifications.
 They are charged at the end of the billing cycle based on how much they use the services
provided by the cloud service providers.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

2.Resource Pooling
 Resource pooling is one of the core components of cloud computing.
 A cloud service provider can provide each client with different services based on their
demands by employing resource pooling to divide resources across many clients.
 Resource pooling is a multi-client approach for location independence, network
infrastructure pooling, storage systems, etc.
 The process of real-time resource assignment does not affect the client's experience.
 This is often used in wireless technologies like a radio transmission
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

3.Measured Service
 Cloud systems automatically manage and manage resource utilization by using a metering
capability.
 The consumption of resources is tracked for each application and tenant; it will give both
the user and the resource supplier an account of what has been utilized.
 Monitoring, regulating, and reporting resource utilization allows for transparency for the
service provider and the service user.
 The metering capability is built into some level of service abstraction, which enables
transparency between the customer and the service provider.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

4.Broad Network Access

 The cloud is accessible to any device from any location because of widespread network
access.
 It refers to the resources hosted in the cloud available for access from multiple device
types.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

5.Scalability or Rapid Elasticity

 A system's capacity to manage an increasing volume of work by adding resources is known
as scalability.
 Cloud services must quickly develop to keep up with the ongoing expansion of businesses.
One of the most flexible aspects of cloud computing is scalability.
 In addition to having the potential to increase the number of servers or infrastructure in
response to demand, it also offers a significant number of features that satisfy the needs of
its clients.
Interconnection network

 Interconnection networks carry data between processors and

memory.
 Interconnects are made of switches and links (wires, fiber).
 Interconnects are classified as static or dynamic.
 Static networks Consists of point-to-point communication links
among processing nodes Also referred to as direct networks
 Dynamic networks Built using switches (switching element) and
links Communication links are connected to one another
dynamically by the switches to establish paths among processing
nodes and memory banks.
static network

 In a static network the connection among input and output nodes is

permanent and cannot be changed.
 Static interconnection network cannot be restructured.
 The examples of this type of network are ring, linear array, tree, star, chordal
ring, fat tree, mesh, systolic arrays, tours and hypercube.
 This type of interconnection networks are more consider for building
computers where the communication pattern is extra or less fixed, and can be
executed with static connections
Dynamic network

 In dynamic network the interconnection pattern among inputs and outputs

can be changed.
 The interconnection pattern can be restructured according to the program
demands. 
 Here, instead of fixed connections, the arbiters or switches are used.
 Examples of such networks are crossbar switches, buses and multistage
networks.  The dynamic networks are normally used in shared memory(SM)
multiprocessors.
Network topology

 Network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and

connections in a network.
 Nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers and software with switch
and router features.
 Network topologies are often represented as a graph.
Types of network topologies

  Network topologies are categorized as either a physical network topology or

logical network topology.
 The physical topology of a network is the physical layout of nodes and
connections.
 Connections include the lines in diagrams that connect nodes, such as Ethernet or
Digital Subscriber Line wires, fiber optics and microwaves.
 Logical network topologies define how a network is set up, including which nodes
connect and how, as well as the pattern of data transfers
STATIC INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS

 Properties of interconnection networks

 Completely Connected Networks
 Limited Connection Networks
 linear arrays;
 ring (loop) networks;
 two-dimensional arrays (nearest-neighbor mesh);
 tree networks; and
 hypercube networks.
 Static (fixed) interconnection networks are characterized by having fixed paths,
unidirectional or bidirectional, between processors.
 Two types of static networks can be identified.
 These are:
 completely connected networks (CCNs)
 limited connection networks (LCNs).
Properties of interconnection networks:
Completely Connected Networks

 In a completely connected network (CCN) each node is connected to all other nodes in the
network.
 Completely connected networks guarantee fast delivery of messages from any source node
to any destination node (only one link has to be traversed).
 Notice also that since every node is connected to every other node in the network, routing
of messages between nodes becomes a straightforward task.
 Completely connected networks are, however, expensive in terms of the number of links
needed for their construction.
Limited Connection Networks

 Limited connection networks (LCNs) do not provide a direct link from every node to
every other node in the network.
 communications between some nodes have to be routed through other nodes in the
network.
 Two important conditions for LCN:
 1. the need for a pattern of interconnection among nodes.
 2. the need for a mechanism for routing messages around the network until they reach their
destinations.
 A number of regular interconnection patterns have evolved over the years for LCNs these
patterns include:
 linear arrays;
 ring (loop) networks;
 two-dimensional arrays (nearest-neighbor mesh);
 tree networks;
 hypercube networks
In a linear array, each node is connected to its two immediate neighboring nodes.
If the two nodes at the extreme ends of a linear array network are connected, then the resultant
network has ring (loop) architecture.
linear arrays are simple in their architecture and have simple routing mechanisms, they tend to
be slow.
 The processors must be able to share a set of main memory modules & I/O devices in a
multiprocessor system. This sharing capability can be provided through interconnection
structures. The interconnection structure that is commonly used can be given as follows.
 Time shared / Common Bus
1. Cross-bar Switch
2. Multiport Memory
3. Multistage Switching Network
 Time-shared / Common Bus :In a multiprocessor system, the time-shared bus
interconnection provides a common communication path connecting all the functional
units.
 In a multiprocessor system, the time shared bus interconnection provides a common
communication path connecting all the functional units like processor, I/O processor,
memory unit etc
 To communicate with any functional unit, processor needs the bus to transfer the data.
 To do so, the processor first need to see that whether the bus is available / not by checking the status of
the bus.
 If the bus is used by some other functional unit, the status is busy, else free.
 A processor can use bus only when the bus is free.
 The sender processor puts the address of the destination on the bus & the destination unit identifies it.
 In order to communicate with any functional unit, a command is issued to tell that unit, what work is
to be done.
 The other processors at that time will be either busy in internal operations or will sit free, waiting to
get bus.
 This Single-Bus Multiprocessor Organization is easiest to reconfigure & is simple. This
interconnection structure contains only passive elements. The bus interfaces of sender & receiver units
controls the transfer operation here.
 Multiport Memory System employs separate buses between each memory module and
each CPU.
 A processor bus comprises the address, data and control lines necessary to communicate
with memory.
 Each memory module connects each processor bus. At any given time, the memory module
should have internal control logic to obtain which port can have access to memory.
 The priority is established for memory access associated with each processor by the
physical port position that its bus occupies in each module. 
 Advantage:-
High transfer rate can be achieved because of multiple paths
 Disadvantage:-
• It requires expensive memory control logic and a large number of cables and connectors.
• It is only good for systems with small number of processors.
Crossbar Switch 

 Crossbar Switch system contains of a number of crosspoints that are kept at intersections

among memory module and processor buses paths.
 In each crosspoint, the small square represents a switch which obtains the path from a
processor to a memory module.
 Each switch point has control logic to set up the transfer path among a memory and
processor.
 It calculates the address which is placed in the bus to obtain whether its specific module is
being addressed.
 In addition, it eliminates multiple requests for access to the same memory module on a
predetermined priority basis.
Multistage Switching Network :
Multistage Switching Network :
• The 2×2 crossbar switch is used in the multistage network. It has 2 inputs (A & B) and 2
outputs (0 & 1). To establish the connection between the input & output terminals, the
control inputs CA & CB are associated.

•  
•multistage interconnect network is formed by cascading multiple single stage
switches. The switches can then use their own routing algorithm or controlled by a
centralized router, to form a completely interconnected network.
•
 
 An Omega network consists of multiple stages of 2*2 switching elements. Each
input has a dedicated connection to an output.
 An N*N omega network has log(N) number of stages and N/2 number of switching
elements in each stage for perfect shuffle between stages.
 Thus network has complexity of 0(N log(N)). Each switching element can employ
its own switching algorithm. Consider an 8*8 omega network.
 There are 8! = 40320 1-to-1 mappings from input to output.
 There are 12 switching element for total permutation of 2^12 = 4096. Thus, it is a
blocking network.
 routing

 Routing is the process of path selection in any network.

 A computer network is made of many machines, called nodes, and paths or links that
connect those nodes.
 Communication between two nodes in an interconnected network can take place through
many different paths.
 Routing is the process of selecting the best path using some predetermined rules.