The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model. It defines each layer, from the physical layer which transmits raw bits of data, to the application layer which provides network services to applications. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below, with the goal of reliable and standardized communication between open systems.
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Chapter 5 OSI Model
The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model. It defines each layer, from the physical layer which transmits raw bits of data, to the application layer which provides network services to applications. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below, with the goal of reliable and standardized communication between open systems.
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Lesson 5
OSI Reference Model
Overview
Definition of OSI Model.
Services in the OSI model Different layers of OSI Model OSI Reference Model OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised network architecture. OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems, i.e. systems open for communications with other systems. Model has 7 layers. 7-Layer OSI Model Layer 7 Application Layer
Layer 6 Presentation Layer
Layer 5 Session Layer
Layer 4 Transport Layer
Layer 3 Network Layer
Layer 2 Data Link Layer
Layer 1 Physical Layer
Communications subnet boundary
Services in the OSI Model In OSI model, each layer provide services to layer above, and ‘consumes’ services provided by layer below. Active elements in a layer called entities. Entities in same layer in different machines called peer entities. Layers can offer connection-oriented or connectionless services. Connection-oriented like telephone system. Connectionless like postal system. Each service has an associated Quality-of- service (e.g. reliable or unreliable). Services in the OSI Model Reliable services never lose/corrupt data. Reliable service costs more. Typical application for reliable service is file transfer. Typical application not needing reliable service is voice traffic. Not all applications need connections. Layer 1: Physical Layer Transmits bits from one computer to another Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium. Defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter and what transmission technique is used to send data over the cable. Deals with issues like The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a 1, and how long a bit lasts? Whether the channel is simplex or duplex? How many pins a connector has, and what the function of each pin is? Layer 2: Data Link Layer Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets for data). Provides reliable transmission of frames It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer. Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement not received Layer 3: Network Layer Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names into physical addresses. Determines the route from the source to the destination computer Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of data packets.
Routing can be:
Based on static tables determined at start of each session Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the current network load. Layer 4: Transport Layer Manages transmission packets Repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for transmission Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original message. Handles error recognition and recovery. Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery. Resends missing packets Layer 5: Session Layer Allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session. e.g. file transfer, remote login Establishes dialog control Regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it transmits. Performs token management and synchronization. Layer 6: Presentation Layer
Related to representation of transmitted data
Translates different data representations from the Application layer into uniform standard format Providing services for secure efficient data transmission e.g. data encryption, and data compression. Layer 7: Application Layer Level at which applications access network services. Represents services that directly support software applications for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail etc.