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Chapter 5 OSI Model

The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model. It defines each layer, from the physical layer which transmits raw bits of data, to the application layer which provides network services to applications. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below, with the goal of reliable and standardized communication between open systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views13 pages

Chapter 5 OSI Model

The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model. It defines each layer, from the physical layer which transmits raw bits of data, to the application layer which provides network services to applications. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below, with the goal of reliable and standardized communication between open systems.

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Lesson 5

OSI Reference Model


Overview

 Definition of OSI Model.


 Services in the OSI model
 Different layers of OSI Model
OSI Reference Model
 OSI Reference Model - internationally
standardised network architecture.
 OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with
open systems, i.e. systems open for
communications with other systems.
 Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

Layer 5 Session Layer

Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary


Services in the OSI Model
 In OSI model, each layer provide services to
layer above, and ‘consumes’ services
provided by layer below.
 Active elements in a layer called entities.
 Entities in same layer in different machines
called peer entities.
 Layers can offer connection-oriented or
connectionless services.
 Connection-oriented like telephone system.
 Connectionless like postal system.
 Each service has an associated Quality-of-
service (e.g. reliable or unreliable).
Services in the OSI Model
 Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
 Reliable service costs more.
 Typical application for reliable service is file
transfer.
 Typical application not needing reliable
service is voice traffic.
 Not all applications need connections.
Layer 1: Physical Layer
 Transmits bits from one computer to another
 Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a
physical medium.
 Defines how the cable is attached to the network
adapter and what transmission technique is used to
send data over the cable. Deals with issues like
 The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a
1, and how long a bit lasts?
 Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
 How many pins a connector has, and what the function of
each pin is?
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
 Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into
frames (logical, structured packets for data).
 Provides reliable transmission of frames
 It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer.
 Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement not received
Layer 3: Network Layer
 Manages addressing/routing of data within
the subnet
 Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names
into physical addresses.
 Determines the route from the source to the destination
computer
 Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and
controlling the congestion of data packets.

 Routing can be:


 Based on static tables
 determined at start of each session
 Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the
current network load.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
 Manages transmission packets
 Repackages long messages when necessary into small
packets for transmission
 Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original
message.
 Handles error recognition and recovery.
 Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery.
 Resends missing packets
Layer 5: Session Layer
 Allows two applications on different computers
to establish, use, and end a session.
 e.g. file transfer, remote login
 Establishes dialog control
 Regulates which side transmits, plus when
and how long it transmits.
 Performs token management and
synchronization.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer

 Related to representation of transmitted data


 Translates different data representations from
the Application layer into uniform standard
format
 Providing services for secure efficient data
transmission
 e.g. data encryption, and data compression.
Layer 7: Application Layer
 Level at which applications access network
services.
 Represents services that directly support
software applications for file transfers,
database access, and electronic mail etc.

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