NERVOUS SYSTEM
OF THE HUMAN
BODY
GROUP 1
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
BRAIN SPINAL CORD SOMATIC NERVOUS AUTONOMIC
SYSTEM NERVOUS
SYSTEM
- -CERVICAL
FOREBRAIN -THORACIC
-MIDBRAIN -LUMBAR SYMPHATETI
-HINDBRAIN -SACRAL/SPINAL
C PARASYMPHATETI
NERVE
C
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-is your body’s command center. Originating from your brain, it
controls your movement, thoughts, and automatic responses to the world
around you.
- a physically connected network of cells,tissues,and organs that allow us
to communicate, react to the envirnment,and sends messages back and
forth between the brain and the body.
.
TWO PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
·CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ( CNS)
·PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
5 SENSES OF THE BODY
• Sense of Smell The sense organs are connected to the
• Sense of Touch brain with specialised neuron cells
• Sence of Taste called sensory nerve cells that help
• Sense of Hearing
transmit the signals to the brain and
• Sense of Sight
help an organism perceive the senses.
FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory Function
-Nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors
stimuli and the gathered information is called Sensory input.
Integrative Function.
-The Nervous System process and interprets the sensory
input and makes decisions about what should be done at
each moment-a process is called integration.
Motor Function
-The Nervous System then sends information to
muscles,glands,and organs (effectors) so they can
respond correctly to any situation.
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
-Consist of 2 types a.Neurons-are the functional and basic element of the nervous
system,that transmit messages all over your body to allow you
a.Neurons (nerve cells)
to do everything from breathing to talking, eating, walking, and
b.Neuroglia (supporting cells)
thinking
It is consist of 4 parts
• Dendrites- a fiber that receives and convey messages towards cell body.
• Cell body-contains nucleus, essential part of a neuron and carries genetic
information. It also helps maintain the cell’s overall structure and provides
energy to carry out the cell’s activities.
• Axon- conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body.
• Axon Terminal- end of the axon,contain neurotransmitter and release them.
TYPES OF NEURONS
• SENSORY NEURONS-conduct impulses generated when receptors,such as those
in the skin,eyes,or muscles are stimulated to the CNS.
• MOTOR NEURONS-carry nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
b.Neuroglia (supporting cells)
- are a diverse class of cells that provide developmental,
physiological, and metabolic support for neurons
CNS-astrocytes,microglia,ependymal cells,
oligodendrocytes,
PNS- Schwann cells, satellite cells
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
-The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and the spinal
cord. It is one of the 2 parts of the nervous system responsible for
receiving ,processing, and responding information.
- CNS is referred to as “central” because it combines
information from the entire body and coordinates activity
across the whole organism.
Brain
- The brain is an organ of nervous tissue that is responsible for
responses, sensation, movement, emotions, communication, thought
processing, and memory.
Spinal Cord
The longitudinal cord of nerve tissue enclosed in the spinal canal. It
serves as the pathway for messages sent by the brain to the body and
from the body to the brain. It serves not only as a pathway for nerve
impulses, but also as a center for operating and coordinating reflex
actions independent of the brain.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain
FOREBRAIN
-is the largest and most complex part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum (the area with all
the folds and groooves, as well as other structures under it)
• Cerebrum
- contains the information that essentially makes you
who you are: your intellingence,memory,
personality,emotion, speech and ability to feel and
move. Lobes of the cerebrum are in charge of
processing these different types of information: the
frontal, parietal, temporal , and occipital lobes
LOBES OF CEREBRUM
• Frontal Lobes ( at the front of your head)
-personality ,behavior,emotions
-responsible for reasoning and thought.
-judgement,planning ,problem solving
-intellegience,concentration,self-awareness
• Parietal Lobes( at the top of your head)
-integrates sensory information,sense of touch,
pain,taste,and temperature
-interprets language and words
interprets signal from vision, hearing, sensory and
memory.
• Temporal Lobe (at the side of your head)
-found near the ears,process auditory infromation from the
ears
-lets us understand the sounds and language,allows us to
recognize objects and faces ,and helps us create memories.
• Occipital Lobes(at the back of your head)
-processing visual information from the eye,it allows you tot know
what you are seeing.
HEMISPHERES OF
CEREBRUM
-Cerebum is subdivided into right and left hemisphere. They
are joined together by a bundle of fibers called the corpus
callosum that transmits message from one side to the other
and lets them communicate with each other.
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
-considered as -more intuitive,creative, and
logical,analytical,and subjective.
objective side. -controls creativity
-controls speech -spatial ability
- comprehension -artistic
-arithmetic - musical skills, and etc.
-writing
Note: Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of
the body.
• Thalamus
the “traffic cops”
thalamus is connected with almost all parts of
the central nervous system, including the
brainstem and the cerebral cortex, the thalamus
influences many different processes in the
brain.
-thalamus is your body's information relay station. All information from your body's senses
(except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral
cortex for interpretation.
LYMBIC SYSTEM
• Hypothalamus-master controller of the endocrine system.
-involved in the processing and regulating of
• Amygdala-sensation of pleasure or fear,recognition of fear in others
emotions, the formation and storage of
• Hippocampus-involved in long-term memory formation and
memories, sexual arousal, and learning.
memory retrieval. It also plays a role in spatial memory
Hippocampus
• Hypothalamus
CORTEX
-outer layer of the cerebrum. . It involves higher processes in the human brain, including memory,
thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness and functions related to your
senses.
MIDBRAIN
• Located between the hindbrain and forebrain
• All sensory and motor information that travels between the
forebrain and the spinal cord passes through the midbrain. It
transmit information necessary for vision and hearing. It also
plays an important role in motor movement, pain, and the
sleep/wake cycle.
-There are three main parts of the midbrain - the colliculi, the
tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles. Of the 12 cranial
nerves, two thread directly from the midbrain - the
oculomotor and trochlear nerves, responsible for eye and
eyelid movement.
HINDBRAIN
-coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival, including respiratory rhythm, motor activity,
sleep, and wakefulness.
CEREBELLUM
-is also known as the “little brain” primarily responsible
for muscle control, including
balance,coordination,posture and movement. It is most
directly involved in voluntary movements.
-Maintaining balance: The cerebellum has special sensors
that detect shifts in balance and movement. It sends
signals for the body to adjust and move. Coordinating
movement: Most body movements require the
coordination of multiple muscle groups.
MEDULLA OBLANGATA
-Is the bottom-most part of our brain. Its location means it’s where
your brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for
nerve signals to and from your body. processes like your heartbeat,
breathing and blood pressure.
PONS
a structure that links your brain to your spinal cord. It handles
unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake
cycle and breathing.
-Note: The pons and medulla oblongata,along with the
midbrain,are often called brainstem. It connects your brain to
your spinal cord. Brainstem takes in, sends out and coordinates
the brains messages to regulate balance, breathing, heart rate
and more.
12 CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. Cranial nerves send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso.
Your cranial nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. They also help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and
move your tongue.
• Olfactory nerve: Sense of smell.
• Optic nerve: Ability to see.
• Oculomotor nerve: Ability to move and blink your eyes.
• Trochlear nerve: Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth.
• Trigeminal nerve: Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements.
• Abducens nerve: Ability to move your eyes.
• Facial nerve: Facial expressions and sense of taste.
• Auditory/vestibular nerve: Sense of hearing and balance.
• Glossopharyngeal nerve: Ability to taste and swallow.
• Vagus nerve: Digestion and heart rate.
• Accessory nerve (or spinal accessory nerve): Shoulder and neck muscle movement.
• Hypoglossal nerve: Ability to move your tongue.
Note:Cranial nerves carry impulses to and
from the brain
THE SPINAL
CORD
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral Nerve
CERVICAL
-Located at the neck region of your spinal
column or backbone. It consists of your first
seven bones (C1-C7)
-It provides support for the weight of your head,
surrounds and protects your spinal cord, and
allows for a wide range of head motions.
THORACIC
-is located in the upper and middle part of the back.
Twelve vertebrae are located in the thoracic spine and
are numbered T-1 to T-12. Each number corresponds
with the nerves in that section of the spinal cord: T-1
through T-5 nerves affect muscles, upper chest, mid-
back and abdominal muscles.
LUMBA
-Is locate din the lower back below the cervical and
Rsection of the spine. It consist of 5 vertebrae
thoracic
know as L1-L5. These lumbar vertebrae or lumbar bones
contain spinal cord tissue and nerves which control
communication between the brain and the legs
SPINAL NERVE
-are mixed nerves that interact directly with
the spinal cord to modulate motor and
sensory information from the body's
periphery.
-Your spinal nerves send electrical signals
between your brain, spinal cord and the rest of
your body. These electrical nerve signals help
you feel sensations (sensory nerve) and move
your body (motor nerves).
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
is made up of the nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the
brain and spinal cord. It begins with the spinal nerves that
branch off from the spinal cord and the cranial nerves that
connect directly to the brain.These nerves from the
communication network between the CNS and the body
parts.
• Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
Note: The peripheral nervous system is primarily subdivided into the
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Is a subdivision of your Peripheral
Nervous System that stretches throughout
nearly every part of your body. They also
carry commands from the brain to your
muscles so you can move around. The
nervous system function include voluntary
movements like walking,swallowing,
blinking and etc.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
-Is a component of the Peripheral
Nervous System that regulates
involuntary physiologic process
including heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration, and sexual arousal. It
contain two anatomically distinct;
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous System.
TWO PARTS OF
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
• Sympathetic
Nervous System
• Parasympathetic
Nervous System
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Is known for its role in responding to
dangerous or stressful situations. In these
situation your sympathetic nervous system
activates to speed up your heart rate,
deliver more blood to the areas of the body
that needs more oxygen or other responses
to help you get out of danger.
FIGHT OR
FLIGHT
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
REST AND DIGEST
- Is a predominates in quiet " rest and digest"
conditions while the nervous system drives "
fight and flight " response in stressful
situations. The main purpose of the PNS
( Peripheral nervous system ) is to conserve
energy to be used later and to regulate bodily
functions like digestion and urination .
HOW NERVOUS SYSTEM WORKS?
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve
cells) are the fundamental units of the brain
and nervous system, the cells responsible
for receiving sensory input from the
external world, for sending motor
commands to our muscles, and for
transforming and relaying the electrical
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signals at every step in between.
HOW ACTION POTENTIAL OCCUR?
• Neurons need to communicate with each other
• Neurons receive chemical information or
signal from other neurons through dendrites
and then carry it down to the axon.
• Synapses connect neurons and help transmit
information from one neuron to the next up to
the brain.
SYANPTIC CLEFT
-The space between two neurons across
which the impulse is transmitted by a
neurotransmitter
NEUROTRANSMITTER
-are chemical messengers that your body can't
function without. Their job is to carry chemical
signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve
cell) to the next target cell
INTEGRATION
SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT
PROCESSES
(AFFARENT) (EFFERENT)
DATA
-Afferent neurons, also -Involves processing -Taking messages from the
called sensory neurons, are of information, and is CNS to the muscles and
the nerve fibers responsible carried out by the glands to affect movement
for bringing sensory central nervous system
information from the (CNS).
outside world into the brain.
D. DISEASE AND DISORDERS
1.STROKE OR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
-Is a group of conditions that affect blood flow and the vessels in the brain problems
with blood flow may occur blood vessels narrowing (STENOSIS), clot formation
(THROBOSIS), artery blockage (EMBOLISM), or blood vessel rupture
(HEMORRHAGE).
TWO TYPES OF STROKE
ISCHEMIC STROKE HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
is caused by a blockage cutting off the is caused by bleeding in or around the
blood supply to the brain. - This is the brain
most common type of stroke.
PATHALOGY OF STROKE /
CEREBROVASCULAR
DISEASES
" CEREBRO" which refers to the
large part of the brain, and "
VASCULAR" which means arteries
and veins
PHYSIOLOGY
is design to distribute and regulate the flow
of blood throughout the cranium to
continuously meet these demands.
SIGNS AND SYMTOMS
• Paralysis of muscles of the face, arms or legs
• Speech problems
• Sudden and severe headache
• Vomitting
• Dizziness
• Reduced conciousness
MEDICATION THERAPY
• FOR ISCHEMIC STROKE
• Dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming
• Thin blood
• FOR HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
• Work against any blood thinning drugs a
person has been taking
• Reduced how the brain reacts to bleeding
TREATMENT
• Emergency care will be needed. The heart and lungs may need support a tube may also be
placed to help breathing other option are :
• Refer to the physiscian duty.
NURSING INTERVENTION AND HEALTH EDUCATION
• Physical therapy- to improve movement • Assist patient level of
• Occupational therapy- to improve swallowing and consciousness
speech • Monitor Vital Sign
• Psychological therapy- to provide support other • Check Airway and Breathing
stroke • Assist positioning of patient.
2.HEADACHE DISORDER
- characterized by recurrent headache, are among the most common disorders of
the nervous system. Headache itself is a painful and disabling feature of a small
number of primary headache disorders,that divided into primary and secondary
level.
PRIMARY SECONDARY
-Tension type Headache -Space occupying lessions
(intracranial tumors)
-Migrains -Medication over use headache
-Cluster Headache -Intracranial Hypertension
PATHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY
Pain originating in surrounding structures, such Headache pain results from signals interacting
as blood vessels, menings, muscles fibers, facial among your brain, blood vessels, and
structures, and cranial nerves. surrounding verves
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Slow onset of the headache
• Head usually hurts on both ideas
• Pain is mild to moderate, but not severe
MEDICATION THERAPY
Rest in a quiet, dark room
Hot or cold compress
Massage
NURSING INTERVENTION AND HEALTH
EDUCATION
Sit and strand with good posture to avoid muscle tension, live and healthy
lifestyle. Get regular sleep, eat healthy foods at regular times and avoid
foods that may trigger your headaches.
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!
