CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 2
AMANDA MOYO N0181866J
NKOSILOMUSA NGWENYA N0196563W
MBALENHLE DUBE N0198019K
HILLARY CHIKWANHA N0197378B
NTOMBIFUTHI MOYO N0196700X
NOMBULELO KHANYE N0181865M
PRUDENCE BARURA N0198979L
HOPE NDHLOVU N0198756A
WAYNE SHUMBA N0197629Q
INTRODUCTION
Waste, according to the Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] includes
domestic, commercial or industrial material, whether in a liquid, solid, gaseous or
radioactive form, which is discharged, emitted or deposited into the environment in such
volume, composition or manner as to cause pollution
Waste can also be defined as the unwanted by-product or damaged, defective or
superfluous material of a manufacturing process
Industrial waste means waste whether solid, liquid or gas generated from any industrial
activity [SI 4/11]
IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
CLASSIFICATION
Industrial waste classification helps companies to know how to manage and dispose of the
waste which in turn brings safety and quality to the environment
Classification of the waste also helps to reduce costs of solving problems caused by
improper disposal of waste
Once the waste has been classified, it can then be recycled and disposed of in an
appropriate manner and to ensure compliance to local and international laws and
regulations
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
Industrial waste is classified into:
a) Solid waste
b) Liquid waste
c) Gaseous waste
SOLID WASTE
Solid waste refers to unwanted substances that are discarded by human society e.g. urban
waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste.
Examples of solid waste include paper, rubble, glass, fruit peels, fly ash and slag
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE
These are characteristics that can be determined and observed without altering the composition of the waste
Moisture Content Density
Values typically fall below Used during the design of
40% and is used to landfills and the value changes
determine the feasibility of as the waste is handled from
disposal by incineration the source to the disposal site
Particle Size Field Capacity
This is the amount of moisture that
The size distribution of particles
the sample retains when subjected
in the waste is of significance
to a downward gravitational pull
LIQUID WASTE
Liquid waste refers to the waste generated from washing, flashing or manufacturing
processes of industries.
Examples of liquid waste include detergents, wastewater and sewage.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID WASTE
PHYSICAL Solids, odour, temperature, colour, density
Organic matter, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Organic
CHEMICAL Carbon, Theoretical Oxygen Demand, Sulphur/Sulphates, Toxic
inorganic Compounds.
BIOLOGICAL Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Viruses
GASEOUS WASTE
Gaseous waste is waste which is produced in the gaseous state from the burning of fossil
fuels and other processes in industry. They get mixed with other gases within the
atmosphere leading to acid rain and smog.
Examples of gaseous waste include NOx, SOx, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Carbon based gaseous waste is the most commonly produced by industrial processes and
examples include methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. These are responsible for
global warming and climate change.
Nitrogen based are the second most commonly produced gases and examples include
Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide. These are responsible for acid rain and water pollution.
HAZARDOUS AND NON-HAZARDOUS
WASTE
Industrial waste can further be classified into either Hazardous or Non-hazardous waste
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste, according to the Environmental Management Act, means waste which is poisonous, corrosive,
noxious, explosive, inflammable, radioactive, toxic or harmful to the environment
Residue from industrial activity that can cause harm to public health and environment.
Characteristics of hazardous waste include:
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
TOXICITY - RADIOACTIVITY
-(material contaminated with radioactive
any waste fatally poisonous when
elements, e.g neptunium, americium,
ingested or absorbed e.g lithium
plutonium, that are artificially made and
sulphur batteries and other is produced primarily from reprocessing
materials that can cause death spent fuel and from use of plutonium in
when swallowed fabrication of nuclear weapons)
- EXPLOSIVITY CORROSIVITY
- (waste capable of producing gas by (any waste typically acids with
chemical reaction in such a temperature,
pH ≤2 and bases with pH ≥12.5
pressure and speed causing damage to
surroundings e.g explosive organic that can rust and decompose and
has the ability to melt through
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Any waste from industrial activity that causes no harm on human and environmental health
• Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally or economically that are
imported or exported from the country of origin for disposal.
CLASSIFICATION OF NON-HAZARDOUS
WASTE
Non-biodegradable
Biodegradable
Waste material which can not be
Waste material originating from
decomposed by micro-organisms
plant or animal sources that can
e.g plastics, bottles, cans, old
be decomposed by micro-
machinery and scrap metal,
organisms e.g paper, wood, fruits Styrofoam containers.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Health •Cancer, genetic mutation, behavioral
abnormalities, kidney failure,
Effects reproductive impairment
Environm •Killing of organisms, destruction of ecosystems,
air pollution, destruction of landscape, land
ent degradation, contamination of water bodies
REFERENCES
urses, A., Gunes, K., & Acikyildiz, M. (2016). Industrial Waste. Wiley, 45 - 52.
Mbuligwe , S., & Kaseva, M. (2005). Assesment of Industrial Solid Waste Management
and Resource Recovery Practices in Tanzania. Elsevier, 261 - 267.
Nuzhat, S., & Paulraj, S. M. (2022). Source reduction. Source reduction and waste
minimizatioin, 1127 - 135.
Yaqout, A. (2003). Assesment and analysis of industrial liquid waste and sludge disposal at
unlined landfill sites in arid climate. Waste Management, 817 - 824.
Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27]
