Lecture #2 Click to edit Master subtitle style Tabulation, Graphical and Diagrammatic presentation of data
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Tabulation of Data
Tabulation
The orderly or systematic presentation of Numerical Data in rows and columns designed to clarify the problem under consideration and to facilitate the comparison between the figures
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Advantages or Importance of Data
Tabulation
simplifies complicated
data
Tabulation
presents quantitative data in concise and condensed form facilitates Comparison of Data of data in tabular form provides a basis for analysis and interpretation of such data
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It
Presentation
Types of Table
Simple Tables
Tables :-
which are prepared on basis of only one characteristic of collected Data One way Tables .
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Department wise classification
Department Physics Chemistry Mathematics Statistics Total
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No. of Students 30 25 20 25 100
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Table
which show more than one characteristics of Data are known as Complex Tables . way - 2 characteristics way 3 characteristics .
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Department wise and gender wise classification of 100 university students
No. of Students Department Male Female Physics Chemistry Mathematic s Statistics Total 20 18 15 12 65
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Total 30 25 20 25 100
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10 7 5 13 35
In a sample study about tea-Habit in two towns the following information was received. females 40%;total tea drinkers were 45 %male non-tea drinkers were 20 % B :- Males were 55 % ,male non-tea drinkers were 30 % and female tea drinkers were 15% the missing information ,tabulate the above data
Town A : Town
Supplying
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Solution
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Frequency Distribution Table
Data
collected by investigator Raw Data unorganized ,ungrouped ,unclassified Data Data Difficult to extract desired information
Raw To
extract various information Raw or Unorganized data are to be arranged in the form of frequency distribution distribution is a tabular representation that organizes data in terms of individual data or classes specified by class intervals and shows the frequency of each observation or class
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A frequency
Raw Data Statistical Series
Individual
Series (Distribution )
Those series in which the items or observations are listed singly Marks(x): 35 28 25 35 48 63 57 48 55 35
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Frequency Distribution
One Variable Univariate FD Bivariate FD FD more than 2
Two
Multivariate
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Discrete
variable FD Discrete
FD
Continuous A
Variable FDContinuous FD discrete FD without class interval or with class interval
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Marks 30 obtained by students (x)
Discrete FD without class interval
33 45 55
No. of 5 Students (f)
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Discrete FD with class interval
Family Size No. of Families 1-2 3-4 5-6 6-7
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Continuous FD
Height of 120students (cm) 130 No. of students 10 130140 17 140-150 10
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Class
limit :- the class limits are the smallest and largest values in the class . for instance class 120-130 value 120- lower limit value 130 upper limit
Say
Lowest
Highest Also
called as class boundaries
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Class Class
Interval :- difference between upper and lower limit of class 120-130 130-120 = 10
Class width:- difference between lower limit of that class interval and lower limit of the class interval next to it
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FD FD
with equal class interval with unequal class interval
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Inclusive method of classification
Both
lower and upper limit included in the class
Non-over-lapping 10-19 20-29
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Conversion of class limits to class boundaries
Essential
in case of continuous FD if the observations are taken nearest to its integral value (Discrete form inclusive type) boundary 0.5 lower than class limit 0.5 higher 159.5 and 164.5
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Lower
Upper
160-164-:
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Exclusive method of classification
Upper Only 0-10
limit of one class-lower limit of others lower limit included not the upper limit
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Marks 20-30 30-40 20- less than 30 30-less than 40
No.of students 5 15 5 15
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Class
width for exclusive width for inclusive
Upper lower limit
Class
Upper lower limit +1 Upper boundary lower boundary
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Mid- Value of class interval
(lower
class limit + upper class
limit)
(lower
class boundary + upper class boundary )
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Formation of frequency distribution
Classes Classes Classes Classes class-
should be clearly defined
should be nonoverlapping should cover all observations should be of equal width intervals should not be less than 5 and more than 15
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Cumulative frequency
Less More
than ascending order than descending order
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Present a less than and more than cumulative frequency distribution form the following data Marks No. of CumulativCumulative
in students e frequency statisti (Frequenc frequency (more than ) cs y) (less than) 0-10 15 Less than 10 More than 0 10-20 25 15 100
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