Today’s Course
Outcomes &
Learning Objectives
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Trust, Autonomy, Initiative,
Industry/Competence, Identity, Intimacy,
Generativity & Integrity
• Maslow
• Piaget
Psychosocial Development Theory
(Erikson – 1960’s)
Development results from interactions
between internal drives & cultural
demands
Peoplemove through series of stages
throughout their lives
Eachstage consists of a
developmental task
Must
be completed before person can
move to next stage
ERIKSON vs. FREUD
Differs from Freud
Freud’s theory = psychosexual stages
(internal drives only)
Life-long process of development
Each stage is necessary for the person’s
identity and psychosocial health
Key to Erikson’s theory is each person
must face new stages and tasks due to
the changing social demands that
accompany changing age
Erikson Theory
• According to Erikson, the need to achieve a developmental
stage (core task) is a normal crisis that must be resolved.
• Poorly resolved core tasks create future psychological
problems.
Described the human life cycle in eight stages, with each
stage marked by a developmental or core task.
As each task (or crisis) is resolved, it leaves an impression that
contributes to one’s total personality.
The Stages
Stage Age Task
1 0-1 Trust vs. Mistrust
2 1-3 Autonomy vs. Doubt
3 3-6 Initiative vs. Guilt
4 6-12 Industry/Competence vs. Inferiority
5 12-19 Identity vs. Role Confusion
6 19-40 Intimacy vs. Isolation
7 40-65 Generativity vs. Stagnation
8 65+ Integrity vs. Despair
Stage 1
Trust vs. Mistrust
0 to 1 year of age(infancy)
Babieslearn to trust that needs will be
met (parents/caregivers will meet needs)
Trust results when baby receives loving &
reliable care
Inconsistent or harsh care
Person mistrustful in later stages
Stage 2
Autonomy vs. Doubt
1 to 3 yoa (toddlerhood)
Toddler learns to become independent
& develops self-confidence (has some
control over self e.g. toilet training)
Not developing independence & self-
confidence
Person doubtful of him/herself in
later stages
Stage 3
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 to 6 yoa (preschool)
Child learns to initiate activities & be
assertive (make choices)
Not developing initiative & assertiveness
Person guilty about decisions in later
stages
Stage 4
Industry/Competence vs. Inferiority
6 to 12 yoa (childhood – mid & late)
Childdevelops skill in physical, cognitive
& social areas
Childdevelops independence &
responsibility
Not developing sense of competence
Person feels inferior in later stages
Stage 5
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12 to 19 yoa (adolescence)
Youthexperiments with several roles to
form own unique identity (makes choices
about roles)
Not developing sense of identity
Person loses sense of self & has
difficulty forming & maintaining
relationships
Stage 6
Intimacy vs. Isolation
19 to 40 yoa (early adulthood)
Adult forms close, permanent
relationships
Not developing intimate relationship
Person feels lonely & isolated in later
stages
Stage 7
Generativity vs. Stagnation
40 to 65 yoa (middle adulthood)
Adultcontributes to society & helps
develop younger generation
Child rearing
Mentoring in career setting
Not developing generativity
Person feels stagnated & unproductive
Stage 8
Integrity vs. Despair
65 + yoa (late adulthood)
Adult reflects on life & experiences
General sense of satisfaction
or
Disappointment
Rogers’ Patient-Centred
Therapy
Carl Rogers
Focused on the positive, achieving side of human nature,
which gave people permission to accept themselves
His work has benefited the disciplines of nursing, pastoral
counselling, and education.
Maslow’s Influence
Abraham Maslow
Held ideas about holistic psychology
Theories of personality, motivation, self-actualization, and human nature
Core concept of theories is that human nature is essentially good and
contains the inherent potential for self-fulfillment
Grouped human needs into a hierarchy or ranking (Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs, now thought to be derived from Blackfoot cultural ideas)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs serves as a basis for planning and prioritizing patient
care.
MASLOW’S
HIERARCH
Y OF
NEEDS SELF
ACTUALIZATIO
ESTEEM
N
(OTHERS AND SELF)
LOVE &
BELONGING
SAFETY
PHYSIOLOGIC
AL
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
Deficiency motives
Motivesto maintain physical and
emotional balance
Significant during childhood and
adulthood
Being motive
Drive for self-actualization
Significant during adulthood
DEFICIENCY VS BEING
MOTIVES
Being motives involve the desire to understand, to give to
others, and to grow
Satisfaction of deficiency motives prevents or cures illness
Satisfaction of being motives produces general sense of
well-being
According to Maslow’s theory, various needs must be met
in order from bottom up
Therefore, Maslow believed that being motives were likely
to be significant only in adulthood and only in those
individuals who had found stable ways to satisfy both love
and esteem needs
Similar to Erikson’s stages of intimacy and generativity
Developmental Theories and
Therapies
Jean Piaget
Devised a theory of intellectual (cognitive) development
Personality is the result of interrelated cognitive and
emotional (affective) functions.
Piaget’s theories have become essential in the
understanding of intellectual growth and development.
Cognitive Dev’t Theory
(Piaget – 1950s/60s)
Emphasizes mental aspects of development such as logic
& memory
Focuses on development during childhood
1. senSorimotor stage
2. Pre-operational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 18 moa
Baby understands world thru senses &
actions
Near end of period child develops ability
to:
Use simple symbols such as single words
Pretend-play
Pre-operational Stage
18 moa to 6 yoa
Child
uses symbols (words) to think &
communicate
Near end of stage child develops ability
to:
Take others’ points of view
Classify objects
Use simple logic
Concrete Operational Stage
6 to 12 yoa
Able to think logically about concrete objects
Understands two important concepts
1. Conservation - mass & volume remain
constant even if shape changes
Play-dough in balls then one rolled into long hotdog
Two glasses with water then one poured into really
tall skinny glass
2. Class inclusion – Groups can be included
in larger groups
German shepherd is a dog which is an animal
Formal Operational Stage
12 + yoa
Ableto think logically about objects
and ideas
Able to think hypothetically
“What if” questions
Improvingability to organize ideas &
objects mentally
