1.1- What is Nanotechnology?
The design, characterization, and application of
structures, devices, and systems by controlled
manipulation of size and shape of materials at the
nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and
macromolecular scale) ,
To produce materials with at least one
novel/superior characteristic or property.
Why Nanoscale?
A nanometer (nm) is one thousand
millionth of a meter. People are interested
in the nanoscale because at this scale
physical and chemical properties of
materials differ significantly from those at a
larger scale.
Why Nanoscale?
1.1.2- What is nanomaterial?
Is defined as any material that has unique or novel
properties, due to the nanoscale ( nano metre-
scale) structuring.
These are formed by incorporation or structuring
of nanoparticles.
They are subdivided into nanocrystals,
nanopowders, and nanotubes: A sequence
of nanoscale of C60 atoms arranged in a long thin
cylindrical structure.
?What is nanomaterial -1.1.2
carbon nanotubes
?What is nanomaterial - 1.1.2
Noble metal nanocrystals with cyclic
penta-twinned structures
?What is nanomaterial -1.1.2
Naonpowder
1.1.2- What is nanomaterial?
Nanotubes are extremely strong
mechanically and very pure conductors
of electric current.
Applications of the nanotube
include resistors, capacitors, inductors,
diodes
and transistors. ),.
1.1.2- What is nanomaterial?
Nanomaterials are interesting because
at the small scale, materials have
fundamentally different properties
than at the bulk due to increased
surface area to volume ratios.
1.1.2- What is nanomaterial?
Increased interaction and reactvity is one
of the by products of materials that are
nanoscale, which means potentially using
less of the material or that even on the
nanoscale the properties are so utterly
different from that of the bulk scale.
1.1.2- Nanomaterials’ Characteristics
example Category of nanomaterials
layers, multi-layers, thin films, platelets and surface One-dimensional nanomaterials
coatings. They have been developed and used for
decades, particularly in the electronics industry.
nanowires, nanofibres made from a variety of Two-dimensional nanomaterials
elements other than carbon, nanotubes and, a
subset of this group, carbon nanotubes.
are known as nanoparticles and include Three-dimensional nanomaterials
precipitates, colloids and quantum dots (tiny
particles of semiconductor materials), and
Nanocrystalline materials
1.2- When Nanotechnology started
In some senses, nanoscience and
nanotechnologies are not new.
Chemists have been making polymers,
which are large molecules made up of
nanoscale subunits, for many decades and
nanotechnologies have been used to create
the tiny features on computer chips for the
past 20 years.
1.2- When Nanotechnology started
However, advances in the tools that now
allow atoms and molecules to be
examined and probed with great
precision have enabled the expansion
and development of nanoscience and
nanotechnologies.
1.3- Approaches of Nanotechnology
(growth methods ):
1.3.1- Bottom-up or top-down?
Bottom-up approaches seek to have smaller
components built up into more complex
assemblies, while top-down approaches seek to
create nanoscale devices by using larger, externally
controlled ones to direct their assembly.
The top-down approach often uses the traditional
workshop or micro-fabrication methods where
externally controlled tools are used to cut, mill,
and shape materials into the desired shape and
order.
1.3.1- Bottom-up or top-down?
Micropatterning techniques, such
as photolithography and inkjet
printing belong to this category.
Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use
the chemical properties of single molecules
to cause single-molecule components to
(a) self-organize or self-assemble into some
useful conformation, or
(b) rely on positional assembly.
1.3.1- Bottom-up or top-down?
2- Applications of Nanotechnology:
2.1 General Applications
Examples Application
Diagnostics, Drug delivery, Tissue engineering, Medicine
Cryonics
Memory storage, Novel semiconductor devices, Information and communication
Novel optoelectronic devices, Displays,
Quantum computers
Aerospace, Catalysis, Catalysis, Construction Heavy Industry
Vehicle manufacturers
Foods, Household, Optics, Textiles, Cosmetics, Consumer goods
Sports
Environment
2.2- Environmental Applications
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Examples Application
Photocatalyst consisting of silica Nanosprings Carbon capture
coated with a combination of titanium dioxide
Pollutants sensors that able to detect lower limits Sensors
with low cost
Heavy metal decontaminant removes heavy metals Remediation (decontamination, oil spill
such as lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper, management)
manganese and cobalt in a neutral pH environment
without using any form of sulphur.
Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies' ceramic Wastewater treatment
membrane modules, utilizing the CeraMem
technology platform, can be supplied with a variety
of inorganic microfiltration and ultrafiltration
membranes.
Heat distribution e.g. ceramic-like Energy
materials that provide sufficient reliability and
durability of the entire structure
Drinking water purification
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