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Het Pancholi Lab6

This document contains a lab report submitted by Het Pancholi for their Communication Technology course. The report details the implementation of modulation schemes including QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK, and 32-QAM. It includes constellation plots showing the modulation schemes with different signal to noise ratios. Monte Carlo simulations are provided showing the symbol error rate for each modulation scheme. The report also covers demodulation techniques and includes eye diagrams analyzing signal quality. Frequency up and down conversion is demonstrated through an RF simulation.

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15 views23 pages

Het Pancholi Lab6

This document contains a lab report submitted by Het Pancholi for their Communication Technology course. The report details the implementation of modulation schemes including QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK, and 32-QAM. It includes constellation plots showing the modulation schemes with different signal to noise ratios. Monte Carlo simulations are provided showing the symbol error rate for each modulation scheme. The report also covers demodulation techniques and includes eye diagrams analyzing signal quality. Frequency up and down conversion is demonstrated through an RF simulation.

Uploaded by

yaninog939
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CT-111

INTRODUNCTION TO COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

LAB-6 REPORT
NAME – HET PANCHOLI
ID - 201901079
HONOR CODE

■ I declare that
■ The work that I am presenting is my own work.
■ I have not copied the work (the code, the results, etc.) that someone else has done.
■ Concepts, understanding and insights I will be describing are my own.
■ I make this pledge truthfully. I know that violation of this solemn pledge can carry
consequences.
INTRODUNCTION
■ In LAB-6 I have implemented the modem for the higher-order
M= 2𝑘 modulation schemes:
i. QPSK( K=2)
ii. 8-PSK(K=3)
iii. 16-APSK(K=4)
iv. 32-QAM(K=5)
QPSK( K=2 )
Es = a2 for QPSK
So, as we have a=1, for our uses Es=1 as a2=1.
■ Constellation plots for QPSK for different value of EsNodB :-
I) EsNodB = 0

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


II) EsNodB = 6 III) EsNodB = 12

■ The average energy per symbol for QPSK is Es=a2. Here I have taken a=1 so Es=1.

■ From the above constellation plots it can be clearly seen that as we increase the EsNodB the
points are less scatterd which means perror will decrease as we increase EsNodB this is because
the value of sigma is inversely proportional to EsNodB.
■ The following is the Monte-Carlo simulation for QPSK

■ This graph shows the SER of QPSK modulation scheme.


■ This shows that when the value of Es /N0 increase then the probability of symbol decrease.
8-PSK( K=3 )
■ Constellation plot ( EsNodB = 0 ) : -
■ Es = a^2 for 8-PSK. So, as we have a=1,
for our uses Es=1 as a^2=1 same as QPSK.

■ In this graph all the eight symbols are


are arranged at the same amplitude, but
There phase is different. This shows
8-PSK modulation scheme. Where their
amplitude(radius) is a=1.

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


* Yellow dots – Received symbols
■ II) EsNodB = 6 III) EsNodB = 12

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


* Yellow dots – Received symbols
■ The following is the Monte-Carlo simulation for 8-PSK.
16-APSK( K=4 )
■ In this scheme along with the phase the amplitude is also varying so it is known as
APSK(Amplitude Phase Shift Keying ).
■ In this part, the process of finding Es will be a little bit different. Because there are 3 diff.
Radius for 16-APSK. So we have to take the avg. of 3 radius in which symbols are lying
Radius-1 = sqrt(0.5) →4-symbols with this particular radius
Radius-2 = sqrt(2.5) →8-symbols with this particular radius
Radius-3 = sqrt(4.5) →4-symbols with this particular radius
So, as an avg.
■ Es = [summation of (no. of symbols on that radius)*(radius^2)]/(total no. of symbols)
So as per this, Es = 2.5
16-APSK Constellation Plot( EsNodB = 0 )

■ In prior slides we shown PSK


modulation schemes. In PSK there
is only phase is different for all the
symbols. But in APSK scheme not
only phase but amplitude is also
different for all the symbols. Which
is shown here.
II) EsNodB = 6 III) EsNodB = 12

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


* Yellow dots – Received symbols
■ The following is the Monte-Carlo simulation for 16-APSK.
32-QAM( K=5 )

■ The process is the same as the previous one. Here we have 5 different radii containing
32 symbols. Values of radii are [sqrt(0.5),sqrt(2.5),sqrt(4.5),sqrt(6.5),sqrt(8.5)]
So, as an avg.
■ Es = [summation of (no. of symbols on that radius) *(radius^2)]/(total no. of
symbols)
So as per this, Es = 5
■ Now look at constellation plots of different value of EsNodB.
■ So, the basic understanding and logic of the modulation concept is over after this topic
complete. After that Let’s move to the demodulation part.(page 19)
■ The following are the constellation plots for 32QAM for different values of EsNodB.
I) EsNodB = 0

Red dots – Transmitted symbols


II) EsNodB = 6

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


* Yellow dots – Received symbols
■ III) EsNodB = 12

* Red dots – Transmitted symbols


* Yellow dots – Received symbols
■ The following is the Monte-Carlo simulation for 32QAM.
■ In this part the upper-bound is calculated using probability in error of the nearest points
only.
DEMODULATION
■ So, for the demodulation process I tried to do with the help of generalization in r and
Dab. Major concept is minimum distance modulation with the implementation of
decision regions. In some cases I have to divide in Quadrants or squared regions or have
to find the closest symbol to the received symbol and decode it to that.

■ For demodulation, I have use MINIMUM DISTANCE technique and to implement on


code I have make decision region.
■ For QPSK the decision boundary are the 4 quadrants .
■ For 8-PSK , The angle of the received signal r= [ ri ,rq] using tan-1(rq / ri ) and then
determine which region the received signal is in rather than finding the closest symbol
to it using Euclidean distance(another method is by using minimum distance but it will
take more time and give the same result also we can use this for other scheme ).
■ For 16-APSK and 32-QAM I have used squared region which was easy to do.
■ This is plot on QPSK MODULATION :-
EYE DIAGRAM
■ From the eye diagram shown below if we add without noise then we get the complete open eye.

■ But when we pass the signal through channel and add noise into it then we observe that the eye is
not completely open which can be seen clearly from the figure shown at next slide.

■ An eye diagram is a common indicator of the quality of signals in high-speed digital transmissions
so in next page I mention the eye diagram.

■ Here both diagram (in next page) are based on sps. Here sps menas the number of output samples
per symbol.

■ n = 2*sps.
Here, both the graphs are plotted by the use of MATLAB’s function
“eyediagram(x , n)”.
Where x = input signal,
n= number of sample.
RF SIMULATION
■ In this basically I have done frequency up conversion and frequency down conversion.
■ The Monte-Carlo plot for this is shown below.

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