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OSI Model

The OSI reference model is a 7-layer architecture standard for network communication. The lower four layers deal with physical communication and transmission of data, while the upper three layers support applications and user data. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below. Layers can offer connection-oriented or connectionless services with varying levels of reliability and quality of service.

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Sikander Ghumman
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13 views19 pages

OSI Model

The OSI reference model is a 7-layer architecture standard for network communication. The lower four layers deal with physical communication and transmission of data, while the upper three layers support applications and user data. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below. Layers can offer connection-oriented or connectionless services with varying levels of reliability and quality of service.

Uploaded by

Sikander Ghumman
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI Model

Topics
• The OSI reference model
• Services in the OSI model
OSI Reference Model
• OSI Reference Model - internationally
standardised network architecture.
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals
with open systems, i.e. systems open for
communications with other systems.
• Specified in ISO 7498.
• Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer • Layers 1-4 relate to
Layer 6 Presentation Layer communications technology.
• Layers 5-7 relate to user
Layer 5 Session Layer
applications.
Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary


Layer 7: Application Layer
• Level at which applications access network
services.
– Represents services that directly support software
applications for file transfers, database access, and
electronic mail etc.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• Related to representation of transmitted data
– Translates different data representations from the
Application layer into uniform standard format
• Providing services for secure efficient data
transmission
– e.g. data encryption, and data compression.
Layer 5: Session Layer
• Allows two applications on different computers to
establish, use, and end a session.
– e.g. file transfer, remote login
• Establishes dialog control
– Regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it
transmits.
• Performs token management and synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Manages transmission packets
– Repackages long messages when necessary into
small packets for transmission
– Reassembles packets in correct order to get the
original message.
• Handles error recognition and recovery.
– Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet
delivery.
– Resends missing packets
Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet
– Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and
names into physical addresses.
– Determines the route from the source to the destination
computer
– Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and
controlling the congestion of data packets.
• Routing can be:
– Based on static tables
– determined at start of each session
– Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the
current network load.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
 Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into
frames (logical, structured packets for data).
 Provides reliable transmission of frames
 It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving
computer.
 Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement
not received
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Transmits bits from one computer to another
• Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a
physical medium.
• Defines how the cable is attached to the network
adapter and what transmission technique is used to
send data over the cable. Deals with issues like
– The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a
1, and how long a bit lasts?
– Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
– How many pins a connector has, and what the function of
each pin is?
IP

• Responsible for end to end transmission


• Sends data in individual packets
• Maximum size of packet is determined
by the networks
– Fragmented if too large
• Unreliable
– Packets might be lost, corrupted,
duplicated, delivered out of order
TCP

• Reliable, full-duplex, connection-


oriented, stream delivery
– Interface presented to the application
doesn’t require data in individual packets
– Data is guaranteed to arrive, and in the
correct order without duplications
• Or the connection will be dropped
– Imposes significant overheads
Internet Protocols vs OSI
Application • Explicit
Presentation Application
Presentation and
session layers
Session
missing in
Transport TCP Internet
Network IP Protocols
Data Link Network Interface • Data Link and
Physical Hardware
Network Layers
redesigned
Services in the OSI Model
• In OSI model, each layer provide services to
layer above, and ‘consumes’ services provided
by layer below.
• Active elements in a layer called entities.
• Entities in same layer in different machines
called peer entities.
Connections
• Layers can offer connection-oriented or
connectionless services.
• Connection-oriented like telephone system.
• Connectionless like postal system.
• Each service has an associated Quality-of-
service (e.g. reliable or unreliable).
Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• Typical application for reliable service is file
transfer.
• Typical application not needing reliable service
is voice traffic.
• Not all applications need connections.

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