Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Shaqra University
College of Engineering Dawadimi
Department Of Civil Engineering
Development of Fire-Resistant High
Strength Concrete imTunnel Lining
By:
Redwan rfaeiah Under the supervision of
Mishal Essa Dr . Mohammad Abdur Rasheed
Assistant Professor
Mohammed Abdulaali
1
Talal saad
OBJECTIVES
1. To develop a fire-resistant high strength concrete with
applications in tunnel linings.
2. To test the concrete at different temperature regimes
to check its efficiency in tunnels.
2
Introduction
Concrete has been the primary material for
construction for many years and the effect of fire on
concrete has long been studied. This has been
particularly the case in tunnels, where the impact on
both human life and the structural integrity of the
construction has always been a major factor in the
designer's mind.
1996 Channel Tunnel fire
damage
3
CONCRETE AND TUNNELS
More recently, a spate of major tunnel fires
have indicated that an even more critical fire
scenario needs to be considered. Becous of
concert rapidly exceeding 1200 C and peaking
at 1350 C (melting temperature of concrete)
after 60 min and then falling gradually to 1200
C at 120 min, the end of the curve.
POC during heating 4
CLSSIFICATION OF CONCRETE
Fig 3:Grades of Concrete
5
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HSC
What is the problem with HSC ?
6
TUNNEL LINING
Tunnel section 7
FIRE AND CONCRETE MATERIAL
Compressive and tensile strength
The changes in strength of concrete as a function of
increasing temperature, two aspects of heated concrete
need pointing out.
1- Influence of transient creep
Transient creep (strictly, it should be called load-induced
thermal strain , LITS)
2- Influence of loading during heating
concrete during heating and inhibits the development of
cracks
8
TYPES OF FAILURE IN FIRE
The failure of structural concrete in fire varies according to the nature of the fire (e.g. rate
of temperature increase and maximum temperature); the loading system; and the type of
structure exposed to the fire.
• loss of compressive strength
• Explosive spalling of concrete
• loss of bond strength
• loss of bending or tensile strength
• loss of shear or torsional strength The Channel Tunnel
after the fire. The damage to the
concrete is clearly visible. (1996) 9
TYPES OF FAILURE IN FIRE
Bending tensile failure
Bending failure of load-bearing bending elements generally occurs when
the reinforcement fails as the tensile strength of the steel is reduced on
heating.
Bond failure
Failure of reinforced concrete members may occur in fire when heating
reduces the bond strength between the steel and concrete
Shear torsion
failure Shear or torsion failure in fire is influenced by the concrete tensile
strength and is much more complicated to determine than bending
failure, because of limited experimental experience
10
PREDICTION OF SPALLING
How PP fibers inhibit explosive spalling?
• The addition of suitable polypropylene monofilament
microfibres (PP) fibers to counteract explosive spalling
in cast concrete has been accepted for many years, but
to design an optimized microfibre to prevent explosive
spalling, it is necessary to have an understanding of the
detailed mechanism by which these fibres function.
explosive spalling
11
CONCRETE SPALLING
Concrete spalling can be described as the breaking off of layers or pieces of concrete from the surface
of a structural element when exposed to the high and rapidly increasing temperatures experienced in
fires
Surface spalling
Small pieces of concrete, up to 20mm in size, are gradually and nonviolently
dislodged from the surface during the early part of the fire.
Corner break-off
corner break-off occurs at the edges and corners of concrete elements during the
latter stages of the fire when the concrete has cracked and weakened.
Explosive spalling
Unquestionably the most serious and dangerous form of spalling that occurs
during the first 20–30 minutes of a fire when the temperature in the concrete is in
the range of 150-250°C.
12
FIRE RESISTANCE
Factors affecting fire resistance of concrete elements are:
size and shape of elements
the type of concrete and aggregate.
disposition and properties of reinforcement or tendon
the load supported
protective concrete cover provided to reinforcement or tendons.
conditions of end support.
the overall thickness of the section in order to keep heat transfer through the
floor or wall within acceptable limits. 13
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
OF FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire scenario
• Prescriptive method
• Fire tests
• Performance based
methods
14
TESTS OF CEMENT
• Fineness test
• Setting time test
• Compression test
• Specific gravity
• Soundness test
• Standard consistency test
Fineness Test
15
MATERIALS USED IN THE PROJECT
Cement Sand Aggregate Super plasticizer
Nano Silica or
Micro silica Polypropylene
Water
(Instead of Nano fibres
silica)
16
MATERIALS USED IN THE PROJECT
Micro Silica Polypropylene fibres 17
METHODOLOGY
Adopt the Modify
Study different
widely used concrete mix
type of lining
concrete mix to SBC cod
Provide all
Perform test Calculate all
material
on concrete material costs
required
Get range of
polypropylene
strength 70-80
fibers blend
MPa
18
CONCRETE CASTING
integrating Test fresh
Pour concrete cubes and
polypropylene concrete
cubes 18 curing
fibres in mix. properties
cubes of
micro structure cubes after 28
compound in heating cubes
under scanning days
test
19
PREPARING OF SPECIMEN
Washed sand wight of fine sand 20
PREPARING OF SPECIMEN
wight of fine aggregate Course aggregate 21
PREPARING OF SPECIMEN
layer of oil on all faces of the mold Superplasticizer type (F)
22
CONCRETE CASTING
wight of cement Grade of Cement 42.5 23
CONCRETE MIXING
Concrete in mixer Mixing for slump 24
CONCRETE CASTING
slump test 250 mm Preparing for slump 25
PREPARING OF SPECIMEN
concrete cubes after removing voids concrete cubes 26
COMPRESSION TEST
compression test under heating concrete cubes in oven 27
COMPRESSION TEST
failure after heating without explosive spalling failure after heating with explosive spalling
28
CEMENT
Characteristics Units Obtained Recommended
results values
Blaine's fineness m- k, 275 225 (minimum)
Specific gravity - 3.13 -
Soundness nun 1 10 (maximum)
(Le-Chatelier test) 00 _ 0.8 (maximum)
0.08
Normal consistency % 29 30
(Percent of cement by
weight)
Setting time Minutes 90 30 (minimum)
Initial Minutes 175 600 (maximum)
Final
Compressive strength MPa 30.10 23.0
3-days MPa 35.34 33.0
7-days MPa 46.02 43.0
28-days
Table 1: Physical properties of OPC type 42.5 cement 29
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Characteristics Test results Limiting (%) values
Silica (Si02) 21.30 19-24
Alumina (Al203) 5.10 3-6
Ferric Oxide (Fe203) 3.70 1-4
Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.25 ≤0.6
Potassium Oxide (K2O) 0.28 -
Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.22 59-64
Table 2: Chemical Properties of Cement 30
AGGREGATE
Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative Cumulative Range specified
designation retained of weight percentage percentage in percentage
retained of of passing for
weight weight grading Zone-II
retained passing
(g( (%)
(%) (%) (%)
10 nun 0 0 0 100 100
4.75 mm 10 1.0 1.0 99 90-100
2.36 mm 86 S.6 9.6 90.4 75-100
1.1S nun 195 19.5 29.1 70.9 55-90
600 min 247 24.7 53.8 46.2 35-59
300 nun 340 34.0 87.8 12.2 8-30
150 nun 110 11.0 98.8 1.2 0-10
Residue 12 1.2 - - -
Total 1000 100 280.1 - -
Table 3: Physical Properties of fine aggregate 31
COARSE AGGREGATE
Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative Percentage Range
Designation retained of weight percentage of weight specified for
retained of passing 12.5 mm
weight downgraded
retained coarse
(g) (%) (%) (%) aggregate
20 nun 0 0 0 100 100
16 nun 0 0 0 100 -
12.5 mm 300 6 6 94 90-100
10 nun 755 15.1 21.1 78.9 40-85
4.75 nun 3930 78.6 99.7 0.3 0-10
2.36 nun 15 0.3 100 0.0 -
Residue - - - - -
Total 5000 100.0 226.3 - -
Table 4: Sieve analysis of the coarse aggregate 32
MIX DESIGN
Mix Cement Water Coarse Sand Superplasticizer
Type (kg/m3) (kg/m3) aggregates (kg/m3) Um
(kg/m3 )
High
Strength
560 190 1055 625 22
Concrete
(HSC)
Table 5: Mix proportions for M80 (from literature)
33
COST ESTIMATION
Material Quantity (Kg) Total (kgs) Unit cost/kg Total cots
Per cube (for Nine (SAR) (SAR)
Cubes)
Cement 1.848 16.63 14/bag 14
Sand 2.062 18.5 0.5 9.25
Coarse 3.48 31.32 .5 15.66
aggregate
Water .62 5.58 .3 1.6
Super .07 .63 50/5 litre can 50
plasticizer
Micro/ 10% 1.12 --- ----
NanoSilica
Poply 1.5% 0.335 9 30
propylene
fibres
Table 6: Cost estimation 34
BATCH WEIGHT
Materials Quantity 8%
(kg) 1 of 1
Cement 504 40.32
Micro silica + fly ash 56 4.48
Polypropylene fibers 8.3 0.67
3/4 aggregate 703 56.24
3/8 aggregate 352 28.16
Washed sand 250 20.0
Fine sand white 375 30.0
Aggregate absorption 1.2 % 20.16 1.61
Total water 200 16.0
Admix.1 Max 0.8 % 0.0 0.0
Admix .2 Max 2 % 10.1 0.81
Total 2478.5 198.28
Table 7: Batch weights/ cubic meter 35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Failure compressive strength Failure compressive strength
Specimen PP fibers + micro silica Only micro silica
(MPa) (MPa)
1 44.73 39.65
2 46.59 36.58
3 40.69 30.62
Average 44.00 35.62
Table 8: Compressive strength after 7 days
36
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Failure compressive strength Failure compressive strength
Specimen PP fibers + micro silica Only micro silica
(MPa) (MPa)
1 55.89 44.03
2 59.34 43.86
3 54.63 48.21
Average 56.62 45.37
Table 9: Compressive strength after 28 days without heating
37
Failure compressive strength Failure compressive strength
Specimen PP fibers + micro silica Only micro silica
(MPa) (MPa)
1 45.31 40.10
2 45.56 38.58
3 46.63 42.00
Average 45.74 40.23
Table 10: Compressive strength after 28 days with heated
concrete at 300 C for 3 hours 38
RESPONSIBILITY MATRIX
Mohammed
Redwan Mishal Abdulaali Talal saad
Responsibility Matrix FUNCTION
Rfaeiah Essa
Introduction √ √ √ √
Objective √ √
Collecting the Data √ √
Literature Review √ √ √
Providing Material √ √
Mix Design √ √ √ √
Writing Initial Report √ √
Provide Lab √ √ √
Casting The Sample √ √ √
Testing √ √ √
Writing Second Report √ √
Evaluate Results √ √ √
Final Results √ √ √ √
Table 11: Responsibility Matrix 39
GANTT CHART
40
• CONCLUSIONS
• The following can be concluded from the study
1. As the strength of concrete is increased the permeability reduces which makes concrete more
durable.
2. However, the behavior of high strength concrete is at disadvatange at high temperatures.
3. The loss of strength in concrete is more pronounced in high strength concrete than in low
strength concrete.
4. With the addition of poltpropylene fibres, the behavior of concrete at elevated tempertures is
enhanced with less loss in strength than the one without polypropylene fibres.
5. Polypropylene fibres render formation of channels in the concrete which causes the pore
pressure to release and thus the chances of spalling are reduced.
6. The high strength concrete used in tunnel linings is always vulnerable to high temperature
damage and thus addition of polypropylene fibres is an advatange.
41
