ELECTROMAGNETISM

Oersted’s experiment
• A current carrying conductor produces a
magnetic field around it.
 Magnetic field patterns
1. Magnetic field pattern around a straight wire
 Using Right hand grip rule
1. Grip the wire with your right hand such that your
thumb points in the direction of current flow.
2. The direction in which your fingers curl indicates
whether the magnetic field is clockwise or
anticlockwise.
Using Right hand grip rule
• Magnetic field is in the form of concentric
circles.
• Circles near the wire are closer to one another
indicating strong field.
• Lower the current gives low magnetic field
• Increasing the current gives strong magnetic
field.
• Factors affecting the direction and strength of
magnetic field around a current carrying a straight
wire.
a. Direction of current reversed
Dot represents current flowing out of the
plane of the paper towards you.
Cross mark represents current flowing
into the plane of the paper away from
you.
Magnetic field pattern of a solenoid
• Magnetic field pattern of a solenoid resembles to a
bar magnet. Thus solenoid acts like bar magnet
having two poles and can be used as an
electromagnet.

• Magnetic field is stronger inside the solenoid as the

lines are closer together and uniform. Weaker field
outside.
The magnetic field strength in a solenoid can be
Increased by:

1. Increase the current flowing through the

solenoid,

2. Increasing the number of turns per unit

length of the solenoid.

3. Placing a soft iron core within the solenoid

will concentrate the magnetic field lines.
Circuit breaker---application of
electromagnet
How electromagnet inside circuit breaker
works?
• Before overloading of current:
• After overloading of current:
 Magnetic Relay
• The magnetic relay is a device using an
electromagnet in one circuit to switch on
another circuit.

Electromagnetism 20
Electromagnetism 21
Electric Bell

Electromagnetism 22
 Force due to magnetic field
• Force on a current carrying conductor
Force experienced on a current carrying wire
when it is kept in an external magnetic field.
• Two magnetic fields are present here:
1. Due to current flowing in the wire which
produces magnetic field around the wire.
2. External magnetic field.
 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
• Can deduce the direction of the force acting
on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic
field.
• All fingers are right
angled to each other.
 How to use left hand rule?
• Example 1: the wire (conductor) will move
upward due to force.
• Example 2: the wire (conductor) will move
downward due to force.
Determine the direction of the force on the wire?

• Wire swing outward

• If the current is reversed, the force makes the
wire to swing inwards (towards the magnet)
• If the magnetic field is reversed, the wire
swing inwards, towards the magnet.
 Motor Effect
• Definition :
The force experienced by the current carrying
conductor when it is placed in a magnetic
field, the effect is called Motor effect.
The two field interact to produce resultant magnetic field
• Example:
• Example :
Force Between Two Parallel, Current-
carrying Conductors
When a current is set to
flow on two parallel strips
of aluminum, the
magnetic fields due to
each wire will interact and
a force will act on each of
the wires

35
 Conductors with
currents flowing in the
same direction attract

36
 Conductors with
currents flowing in the
opposite direction repel

Electromagnetism 37
Force on Beam of Charged Particles
(positive or negative particles)

Electromagnetism 38
Electromagnetism 39
40
Turning Effect on a Current-Carrying Conductor

When a current flows

through the coil the
currents in side AB and
side CD are in opposite
directions.

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• The field of a coil superimposed on the field of
a horseshoe magnet
42
• Combined field results in a pair of equal and opposite
forces F 43
D.C Motor

Electromagnetism 44
45
Electromagnetism 46
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Action of Commutator

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