LECTURE 2

GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTION
OBJECTIVES ON GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTION
Learning Objectives on Geometrical constructions
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
■Use manual drafting tools and methods to make
geometric constructions.
■ Draw, bisect, and divide lines.
■ Construct, bisect, and transfer angles.
■ Draw triangles, squares, hexagons, and octagons. ■
Use special techniques to construct regular polygons.
■ Construct circles and arcs.
1. Perpendicular bisect of a line.
2. To erect a perpendicular from a line AB
3. To Drop perpendicular from point P outside
of a given line AB
To divide a line to any number of equal parts
 To divide a line into ratios.
 Divide a 80mm long straight line into ratio 2:3:4
ANGLES
 Construction of angles without using
Protector
Common angles.

90°,45°,60°,30°
Construction of angles without using
Protector.

30° 60°

90°
45°

Try 75 °
 CIRCLES
Definition
Is a locus of a point which moves so that its
distance from a given fixed point called center
is always constant.
A circle is a closed curve. All of its points are
equidistant from the center point.
Types of circle.
Concentric

Eccentric circle
CIRCLES
 The following figure shows the definition of
the basic characteristics of circles:
 To find the Centre of any circle,
1.Draw any two chords which
are not parallel.
2.Construct perpendicular
bisectors to these chords to
intersect in O.
O is the Centre of the circle
 To construct the circumference of a circle,
given the diameter.
Draw a semi-circle of the given diameter AB, center O.
From B mark off three times the diameter, BC.
From O draw a line at 30 ° to OA to meet the semi-circle in D.
From D draw a line perpendicular to OA to meet OA in E.
Join EC. EC is the required circumference.
 To construct the diameter of a circle,
given the circumference
1.Draw the given circumference AB.
2.Bisect AB in C.
3.With Centre C, and radius CA, draw a semi-circle.
4.With Centre B, and radius BC, draw an arc to cut the semi-
circle in D.
5.From D draw a perpendicular to AB, to cut AB in E.
6.With Centre E and radius ED, draw an arc to cut AB in F.
AF is the required diameter.
 TANGENTS,
 A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches
the circle at one point.
 Every curve ever drawn could have tangents
drawn to it, but we will concentrate only with
tangents to circles.
 These have wide applications in engineering
drawing since the outlines of most engineering
details are made up of straight lines and arcs.
 Wherever a straight line meets an arc, a tangent
meets a circle.
To draw a tangent to a circle from
any point on the circumference.
1.Draw the radius of the circle.
2.At any point on the circumference of a circle, the
tangent and the radius are perpendicular to each other.
Thus, the tangent is found by constructing an angle of
90 ° from the point where the radius crosses the
circumference.
To construct the common interior (or transverse or
cross) tangent to two equal circles, centres O and O1
To construct the common tangent between two unequal
circles, canters O and O1 and radii R and r,
respectively

1.Join the centers OO 1 .

2.Bisect OO 1 in A and draw a semi-circle, radius
AO.
3. Draw a circle, Centre O, radius R - r , to cut the
semi-circle in B.
4. Join OB and produce to cut the larger circle in C.
An arc of a given radius to connect two circles
 TRIANGLES
 A plane figure bounded by three straight
lines.
TYPES
1.Right angles triangle
2.Equilateral triangle
3.Isosceles triangle (Two equal angles & sides)
4.Scalene Triangle (Unequal sides & Angle)
Construction of triangles given
three sides.
 Construction of an Isosceles
triangles given base and altitude.
 The base AB=70mm
 The altitude BC=50mn
Procedure
-Draw the line AB, the base
Bisect AB then mark length 50mm say P
Then Join AP and BP

A B
Construction of an Equilateral
triangles given one side.
 Draw a line AB, equal to the length of the side.
 With compass point on A and radius AB, draw an
arc as shown.
With compass point on B, and with the same radius,
draw another arc to cut the first arc at C.

Triangle ABC is equilateral.

Construction of an Isosceles triangles
given perimeter and altitude.
Draw line AB equal to half the perimeter.
From B erect a perpendicular and make BC equal to the
altitude.
Join AC and bisect it to cut AB in D.
Produce DB so that BE = BD.
CDE is the required triangle.

GIVEN
Perimeter=190mm
Altitude BC= 45mm.
 POLYGON
 Is a plane figure bounded by more four straight lines
 CLASSES
Regular & Irregular polygon
types
A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides.
A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides.
A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides. An
octagon is a plane figure bounded by eight sides.
A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides.
A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides,
Undecagon is a plane figure bounded by eleven sides.
Dodecagon is a plane figure bounded by twelve sides
 POLYGON (Cont.…)
 A regular polygon is one that has all its sides
equal and therefore all its exterior angles
equal and all its interior angles equal,
 The diagonal of a polygon is the distance
from one corner to the corner furthest away
from it.
 In polygons, there is diameter across corners
and diameter across flats.
 To construct a regular hexagon given
the length of the sides.
1.Draw a circle, radius equal to the length of the side.
2.From any point on the circumference, step the radius
around the circle six times.
If your construction is accurate, you will finish at
exactly the same place that you started.
3.Connect the six points to form a regular hexagon.
To construct a regular hexagon given
the diameter.
1.Across corners
2.Across flats
Using compasses and Set squares only
 To construct a regular octagon given
diameter across corners,
Draw the circle with the given diameter AE.
Construct another diagonal CG, perpendicular to the
first diagonal.
Bisect the four quadrants
thus produced to cut
the circle in B, D, F and H

ABCDEFGH
is the required octagon.
 General method for construction of
regular polygon given legth of a side.
Construction steps,
Draw a line GA equal in length to
one of the sides.
Bisect GA.
From A construct an angle of 45 °
to intersect the bisector at point 4
From G construct an angle of 60 °
to intersect the bisector at point 6.
Bisect between points 4 and 6 to
give point 5.
Ellipse

 An ellipse is a curve generated by a moving

point whose total distance from the two focal
points is constant (equal to the major
diameter).
 In technical drawings ellipses appear when
oblique circles (pipe sections, etc.) are drawn
in orthographic drawings.
Ellipse

Main Parts of an Ellipse

Major Axis (the long one)
Minor Axis (the short one)
Focal Points
Vertex
Ellipse

Methods of drawing an ellipse

Two-circle method
Trammel method
To draw an ellipse using the two foci
 Ellipse
Construction of an ellipse
 Draw concentric circles with diameters
equal to the major axis (AB) and the
minor axis (CD).

 Divide the circles into equal central

angles, and draw the diameters (for
example P1P2).

 From point P1draw a line parallel to CD,

from point P1’ draw a line parallel to AB.

 The intersection point (E) is part of the

ellipse.

 Repeat the process with different

diameters until you get enough points
to draw the ellipse smoothly.
 In full size, copy figures below showing clearly
TASK N0.1 the constructions lines for finding exact
positions of the tangents joining the arcs.

1. 3.

4.Construct the regular

pentagon, by using
2. general method Given
the length of a side
equal to 50mm.

SUBMISSION DEADLINE …. /….2020

 END

Questions,
Comments,
Suggestions