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1 - Introduction To Biostats

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
62 views48 pages

1 - Introduction To Biostats

Uploaded by

isralatif1122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Biostatistics

1
Adult Learning Principles
Internal
motivation

Readiness Self
to learn direction

Need to
Experience
know

Goal
orientation

Malcolm Knowles Theory of Andragogy 2


Introduction to Biostatistics

• What do you know about biostats?


• What do you need to learn about biostats?

3
LEARNING OBJECTVES
Statistics

Biostats

Scope and
Limitations
of Biostats

Data

Data
sources
4
STATISTICS
First used by
tax assessors –
Derived from to collect
Latin word “ information & Routinely used
status” assess taxes in daily life

Manner of Numbers
standing / Data and
Manner of process of
position analyzing data

5
STATISTICS- SOME EXAMPLES

• Cricket players batting average

• Basket ball players free throw percentage

• Class average

• Average age of Class 6


STATISTICS- DEFINITION
• American Heritage Dictionary®
• Statistics "The mathematics of the Collection, organization, and
interpretation of numerical data, especially the analysis of population
characteristics by inference from sampling
• The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary®
• "A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data"

7
STATISTICS

Collection Organization Analysis

Presentation & Dissemination of


Interpretation
data

8
BIOSTATISTICS

Collection,
organization, Making
analysis, inferences Apply
interpretation, about conclusions to
Uses statistical Reaches
presentation POPULATION patient care &
procedures conclusions
and from the health care
dissemination of SAMPLE planning
data of medical observed
importance

9
BIOSTATISTICS
• Application of statistical techniques to health related fields

• Areas of application relate to:


• Pharmacology
• Medicine
• Epidemiology & Public health
• Physiology and anatomy
• Genetics

10
…..

15
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS

designing scientific through the data analysis


Biostatistics
experiments and interpretation

• For designing Research Studies


• Interpretation of vital statistics
• Nature & extent of illness & death in community
• Planning Health Measures

16
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS

• Evaluate outcome of health measures


• Comparison of Health Services
• Describes association between causal factors & disease
• Preparation & interpretation of Census data

17
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
For designing Research Studies

• Understanding basic principles of biostatistics is essential in designing


research project

• Helpful for
o epidemiology-study designs, questionnaires, sampling
o research- significance testing

18
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Interpretation of vital statistics

• Helps us to understand how vital statistics are collected and sorted


out at local, district municipality offices and NADRA

• What they mean and how are they used

• Example:
• Number of babies born in a year
• Number of marriages in a year 19
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Nature & extent of illness & death in community

Helps in keeping a count of the health problems, deaths, prevalence of


the disease, seasonal variation

• Example: Prevalence of hepatitis B in the community


• Seasonal trends of flu etc

20
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
NCDs in Pakistan in 2010 and by 2025

21
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS

PDHS 2017-18 , Chapter 11 – Nutrition 23


SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Planning Health Measures

• Identifying risk factors of diseases

• Knowing critical areas leads to focus on health measures

• Example: Planning Reduction of obesity or hypertension in a


population

24
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
• Evaluate outcome of health measures

• Reporting results of clinical studies

• Use of data to compare programme


Input & services with output measures

• Cost effectiveness analysis

25
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS

• Comparison of Health Services

• Comparison of health services delivery between different health care


facilities

• Comparison of health status of populations in different areas

26
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
• Describes association between causal factors & disease

• Knowledge of inferential statistics & hypothesis testing is important in


determining association between risk factor & disease under study

• Helps to understand positive or negative correlation between


suspected factor & disease

• Helps to understanding sensitivity & specificity of different tests


27
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Preparation & interpretation of population statistics

• Data understanding is important for providing denominators for


calculation of various rates
Eg mortality rates, morbidity rates

• Census
Births, deaths, marriages, divorces

28
LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTSATS
• For the study of qualitative studies:

• Statistics deals with phenomena capable of being expressed


numerically

• Qualitative phenomena like honesty & poverty cannot be analysed


directly by statistical technique

• They can be analysed once they are converted to some quantitative


scores on suitable scales of measurement
29
LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTATS
• Statistics does not study individuals

• Statistics deals with aggregate of facts and does not give specific
recognition to the individuals items of a series

• Individual items taken separately does not constitute statistical data


and meaningless for statistical enquiry

30
LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTATS
• Statistical conclusions are not exact

• Give conclusions in terms of probability not certainty

• These conclusions are not universally true

• They are true on average

31
LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTATS
• Statistics is liable to be misused

• Use of statistical tools by inexperienced persons might lead to very


fallacious conclusion

• Statistics do not bear label regarding their quality and can be misused
with ulterior motives by people with vested interest

32
Ser # Scope Limitations

1 For designing Research Studies Qualitative phenomena cannot be analyzed

2 Interpretation of vital statistics Statistics does not study individuals

3 Nature & extent of illness & death in community Statistical conclusions are not exact

4 Planning Health Measures It is liable to be misused

5 Evaluate outcome of health measures

6 Comparison of Health Services

7 Describes association between causal factors &


disease
33
DATA MANAGEMENT

34
WHAT IS DATA MANAGEMENT?

A. Collection B.
Organization
Reliable
Accurate

D.
C. Analysis Interpretatio
37
A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

Regular Adhoc

39
A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
REGULAR

Registratio
A vital n system in
statistics Health
registration Reporting Facilities-
system – Disease of Cancer- to collect
Registration
NADRA notification Cancer informatio
procedures
(births, system- Registries n on
deaths, CDC at hospitals patients
marriages, attending
divorces) various
clinics

40
A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
ADHOC
Special
investigati
Surveys ve studies
Survey to
to collect or an Survey to
determine
informatio elaboratio find out
Pakistan percentag
n that is n of Example the
not aspects of Demograp e of burden of
available data that s hic Health malnouris Hepatitis
on a have been Survey hed C in an
regular collected children area
basis on a in Sibbi
regular
basis

41
A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
OTHER SOURCES
• Clinical Practices – clinical trials & Experiments

42
A- SOURCES OF DATA

43
A- DATA COLLECTION
• Primary Data:
Originally collected by the researcher

• Secondary Data:
When raw data is given any statistical treatment like condensation or
tabulation

44
A- HOW DO WE COLLECT PRIMARY
DATA IN SURVEYS?
• Direct personal observation – local inquiries, small sample size e.g.
health surveys
• Indirect personal observation – Respondents non cooperative or
could not provide information- HIV patients
• Mail Questionnaire method – High non response rate
• Data collection with Enumerators – trained persons used to collect
data
• Data collection through local resources – local people /agents hired
• Electronic media – telephone, internet

45
A- HOW DO WE COLLECT SECONDARY
DATA IN SURVEYS?
• Collected through:

• Govt, Semi-govt. offices

• Research organizations

• Journals

• Census
46
B- ORGANIZATION OF DATA
1. Scrutiny & editing

• For completeness (missing information)


• For inconsistencies (contradictory information)
• Editing for accuracy (correction of mistakes)

47
B- ORGANIZATION OF DATA
• 2. Classification of data

Arranging data according to certain common characteristics on which data is


collected

• 3. Tabulation
To present data in rows and columns so that there is absolute clarity in data
to be presented. Examples: Grade distribution in courses, organizing
students by different medical colleges
• 4. Data Entry
Develop SPSS File 48
Data Entry- SPSS File

49
Data Entry- SPSS File

50
C- ANALYSIS OF DATA

• Analysis of data are done through

• Simple observation
• Application of simple and highly sophisticated statistical tests like;

• Chi square test, Correlation, regression

51
D- INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Refers to drawing conclusion from the data collected and analysed
• Example: First three positions of the students, result compared to previous
class

• Requires high degree of skill and experience

• Wrong interpretations - fallacious conclusion & decisions


• Correct interpretation - valid decision
• According to Prof. Ya Lun Chaou
• “ Statistics is a method of decision making in the face of uncertainty
on the basis of numerical data and calculated risk” 52
E- PRESENTATION OF DATA

• Presentation of data is an art and science

• Facilitates analysis, comparison and appreciation

• The data can be presented through:

• Tables

• Figures: Diagrams & Charts


53
E- PRESENTATION OF DATA

54
End of session 1

55
REFERENCE BOOKS
• Kuzma, JW. Basic statistics for health sciences. 4th Edition

• Blueman, AG. Elementary statistics. A step by step approach. 9th


Edition

56

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