1 - Introduction To Biostats
1 - Introduction To Biostats
Biostatistics
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Adult Learning Principles
Internal
motivation
Readiness Self
to learn direction
Need to
Experience
know
Goal
orientation
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LEARNING OBJECTVES
Statistics
Biostats
Scope and
Limitations
of Biostats
Data
Data
sources
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STATISTICS
First used by
tax assessors –
Derived from to collect
Latin word “ information & Routinely used
status” assess taxes in daily life
Manner of Numbers
standing / Data and
Manner of process of
position analyzing data
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STATISTICS- SOME EXAMPLES
• Class average
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STATISTICS
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BIOSTATISTICS
Collection,
organization, Making
analysis, inferences Apply
interpretation, about conclusions to
Uses statistical Reaches
presentation POPULATION patient care &
procedures conclusions
and from the health care
dissemination of SAMPLE planning
data of medical observed
importance
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BIOSTATISTICS
• Application of statistical techniques to health related fields
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…..
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
For designing Research Studies
• Helpful for
o epidemiology-study designs, questionnaires, sampling
o research- significance testing
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Interpretation of vital statistics
• Example:
• Number of babies born in a year
• Number of marriages in a year 19
SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
Nature & extent of illness & death in community
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
NCDs in Pakistan in 2010 and by 2025
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
• Evaluate outcome of health measures
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
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SCOPE OF BIOSTATS
• Describes association between causal factors & disease
• Census
Births, deaths, marriages, divorces
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LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTSATS
• For the study of qualitative studies:
• Statistics deals with aggregate of facts and does not give specific
recognition to the individuals items of a series
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LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTATS
• Statistical conclusions are not exact
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LIMITATIONS OF BIOSTATS
• Statistics is liable to be misused
• Statistics do not bear label regarding their quality and can be misused
with ulterior motives by people with vested interest
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Ser # Scope Limitations
3 Nature & extent of illness & death in community Statistical conclusions are not exact
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WHAT IS DATA MANAGEMENT?
A. Collection B.
Organization
Reliable
Accurate
D.
C. Analysis Interpretatio
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A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM
Regular Adhoc
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A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
REGULAR
Registratio
A vital n system in
statistics Health
registration Reporting Facilities-
system – Disease of Cancer- to collect
Registration
NADRA notification Cancer informatio
procedures
(births, system- Registries n on
deaths, CDC at hospitals patients
marriages, attending
divorces) various
clinics
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A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
ADHOC
Special
investigati
Surveys ve studies
Survey to
to collect or an Survey to
determine
informatio elaboratio find out
Pakistan percentag
n that is n of Example the
not aspects of Demograp e of burden of
available data that s hic Health malnouris Hepatitis
on a have been Survey hed C in an
regular collected children area
basis on a in Sibbi
regular
basis
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A- DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM-
OTHER SOURCES
• Clinical Practices – clinical trials & Experiments
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A- SOURCES OF DATA
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A- DATA COLLECTION
• Primary Data:
Originally collected by the researcher
• Secondary Data:
When raw data is given any statistical treatment like condensation or
tabulation
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A- HOW DO WE COLLECT PRIMARY
DATA IN SURVEYS?
• Direct personal observation – local inquiries, small sample size e.g.
health surveys
• Indirect personal observation – Respondents non cooperative or
could not provide information- HIV patients
• Mail Questionnaire method – High non response rate
• Data collection with Enumerators – trained persons used to collect
data
• Data collection through local resources – local people /agents hired
• Electronic media – telephone, internet
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A- HOW DO WE COLLECT SECONDARY
DATA IN SURVEYS?
• Collected through:
• Research organizations
• Journals
• Census
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B- ORGANIZATION OF DATA
1. Scrutiny & editing
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B- ORGANIZATION OF DATA
• 2. Classification of data
• 3. Tabulation
To present data in rows and columns so that there is absolute clarity in data
to be presented. Examples: Grade distribution in courses, organizing
students by different medical colleges
• 4. Data Entry
Develop SPSS File 48
Data Entry- SPSS File
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Data Entry- SPSS File
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C- ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Simple observation
• Application of simple and highly sophisticated statistical tests like;
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D- INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Refers to drawing conclusion from the data collected and analysed
• Example: First three positions of the students, result compared to previous
class
• Tables
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End of session 1
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REFERENCE BOOKS
• Kuzma, JW. Basic statistics for health sciences. 4th Edition
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