Early History of Computer

One of the earliest and most well-

known devices was an abacus. Then in
1822, the father of computers, Charles
Babbage began developing what would
be the first mechanical computer. And
then in 1833 he actually designed an
Analytical Engine which was a general-
purpose computer.
 What is a computer- is a machine that can be programmed to
carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as
programs.

 What is computer hardware?

are the physical components(tangible) that a computer system
requires to function? It encompasses everything with a circuit
board that operates within a PC or laptop; including the
motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit),
ventilation fans, webcam, power supply, and so on.
 Examples of a computer hardware.
 Motherboard
 CPU (Central Processing Unit or processor)
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Hard Disks drive/Solid State Drive
 Power supply unit(PSU)
 Graphics Card
 NIC (Network Interface Card)
 PCI card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
1.What is a motherboard?
also called mainboard, main circuit board or mobo) is the
main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose
computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows
communication between many of the crucial electronic
components of a system, such as the central processing unit
(CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other
peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually
contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor,
the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface
connectors, and other components integrated for general use.
Modern motherboards include:
 CPU sockets (or CPU slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. In the case of
CPUs in ball grid array packages, such as the VIA Nano and the Goldmont Plus, the CPU is directly
soldered to the motherboard.
 Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of DIMM
modules containing DRAM chips can be DDR3, DDR4 or DDR5
 The chipset which forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and peripheral buses
 Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's
firmware or BIOS
 The clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
 Slots for expansion cards (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
 Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to
the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some graphics cards (e.g. GeForce 8
and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated
connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.
 Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically SATA and NVMe
now.
2.What is CPU (Central Processing Unit)

central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just
processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a
computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and
input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts
with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized
processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs).
Types of CPU
 Single-core CPU. It is the oldest type of CPU which is available and employed in most
of the personal and official computers. ...
 Dual-core CPU. ...
 Quad-core CPU. ...
 Hexa-Core processors. ...
 Octa-core processors. ...
 Deca-core processor.
Usually known brand of processors are Intel and AMD
3.What is RAM (Random Access Memory)
the full form of RAM is Random Access Memory. The information stored in this type of memory is lost when the power
supply to the PC or laptop is switched off. The information stored in RAM can be checked with the help of BIOS. It is
generally known as the main memory or temporary memory or cache memory or volatile memory of the computer system.
4.What is Hard drive?
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical
data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid
rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads,
usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is
accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and
retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when
powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small rectangular box.
Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs were the dominant secondary storage device for
general-purpose computers beginning in the early 1960s. HDDs maintained this position into the
modern era of servers and personal computers, though personal computing devices produced in large
volume, like cell phones and tablets, rely on flash memory storage devices. More than 224 companies
have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most units are
manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. HDDs dominate the volume of storage
produced (exabytes per year) for servers. Though production is growing slowly (by exabytes shipped,
sales revenues and unit shipments are declining because solid-state drives (SSDs) have higher data-
transfer rates, higher areal storage density, somewhat better reliability, and much lower latency and
access times
Types of Drive, Hard disk drive (HDD) & Solid-State Drive (SSD)
5.What is a Power Supply Unit (PSU)
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the
internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use
switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input
voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
6.What is a Graphics Card?
A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics adapter, or display adapter)
is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a
computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards,
emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core of both is
the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is the main part that does the actual
computations, but should not be confused with the graphics card as a whole, although
"GPU" is often used as a metonymic shorthand to refer to graphics cards.
7.What is a NIC Card?
A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network
adapter, LAN adapter or physical network interface, and by similar terms) is a
computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.
Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that
plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that
most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard, or is contained
into a USB-connected dongle.
8.What is a PCI card (Peripheral Component Interconnect)?
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer and is part of the PCI Local
Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format that is independent of any given
processor's native bus. Devices connected to the PCI bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned
addresses in the processor's address space.[4] It is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus clock. Attached devices can take either the form
of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard (called a planar device in the PCI specification) or an expansion card that fits into a slot.
The PCI Local Bus was first implemented in IBM PC compatibles, where it displaced the combination of several slow
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots and one fast VESA Local Bus (VLB) slot as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted
for other computer types. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as Universal Serial
Bus (USB) or serial, TV tuner cards and hard disk drive host adapters. PCI video cards replaced ISA and VLB cards until rising bandwidth
needs outgrew the abilities of PCI. The preferred interface for video cards then became Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), a superset of PCI,
before giving way to PCI Express.
Computer disassembly
Step 1 – Unplug your computer and peripheral items. ...
Step 2 – Remove side covers. ...
Step 3 – Disconnect connectors. ...
Step 4 – Remove standalone fans. ...
Step 5 – Remove the storage drive. ...
Step 6 – Remove memory (RAM) modules. ...
Step 7 – Remove power supply unit.
Computer Assembly Steps
Step 1: Open Case. Remove the back screws. ...
Step 2: Mount Motherboard. Screw motherboard standoffs into the case. ...
Step 3: Mount Processor (CPU) ...
Step 4: Install CPU Cooler. ...
Step 5: Install Power Supply (PSU) ...
Step 6: Mount Memory (RAM) ...
Step 7: Install Graphics Card. ...
Step 8: Mount Storage Drives.