Basic Statistical Tools for
Action and Basic Researches
Prepared by: Victor E. Corpuz
Activity 1
Direction:
1. There will be 8 given variables.
2. Group the variables into 4 groups.
3. You will be given 5 minutes for the activity.
Hint: There are 2 variables in each group.
Given Variables:
Height
Temperature
Religious Affiliation
Health Status
Sex
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
Weight
Educational Attainment
At the end of the session, the participants
are able to:
1. differentiate the different levels of
measurements;
2. identify basic statistical tools to be used
in the statement of the problem; and
3. use the appropriate statistical tools for
the treatment of data.
The Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Why Is Level of Measurement
Important?
Helps you decide what statistical
analysis is appropriate on the values
that were assigned
Nominal Measurement
It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.
Nominal Measurement
It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.
Classified as categorical
Nominal Measurement
It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.
Classified as categorical
The only measurement that can be
used in this is counting.
Nominal Measurement
It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.
Classified as categorical
The only measurement that can be
used in this is counting.
Example: Religion ( roman catholic,
INC, baptist, born again)
Sex (male, female)
Ordinal Measurement
When attributes can be rank-ordered
Ordinal Measurement
When attributes can be rank-ordered
Are also considered as categorical
Ordinal Measurement
When attributes can be rank-ordered
Are also considered as categorical
Example: health status (below normal,
normal, above normal)
educ attainment (elem, hs
grad, college grad)
Interval Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
Interval Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used
Interval Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used
Has no absolute zero value
Interval Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used
Has no absolute zero value
Example: temperature
IQ
Ratio Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
Ratio Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
All mathematical operations can be
used
Ratio Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
All mathematical operations can be
used
Has absolute zero value that is
meaningful
Ratio Measurement
Considered as scale/ quantitative
All mathematical operations can be
used
Has absolute zero value that is
meaningful
Example: Weight
Height
The Hierarchy of Levels
Nominal
The Hierarchy of Levels
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ordinal
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Interval
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Interval Distance is meaningful
but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ratio
Interval Distance is meaningful
but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ratio Absolute zero
Interval Distance is meaningful
but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered
Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest
Basic Statistical Tools Used in
Basic Research
Frequency and Percentage
Mean/Average
t-test (independent/paired)
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Pearson r Correlation
Chi-square
Regression
Frequency and Percentage
Presented in tables or charts
Can be achieved even with just a simple
counting technique
Data can be nominal, ordinal, interval or
ratio
Example
SOP: What is the profile of the
respondents?
Data Obtained: profile (nominal, ordinal,
interval, ratio)
Statistical Tool: Frequency and Percentage
Mean
Simply called the average
Can be achieved by dividing the overall
sum of the values by the number of
values
Data should be in ratio
Example 1
SOP: What is the level of capability of
teachers in writing basic research?
Data Obtained: level of capability of
teachers in writing basic research
Statistical Tool: Weighted Mean
t-test
It is a test for significant differences
Assesses whether the means of two
groups are statistically different from
each other
Data should be in scale level
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant difference in the
IPCRF rating of teachers this year and the
previous year
Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)
How many groups are being compared? 2
Statistical Tool: paired t-test
Example 2
SOP: Is there significant difference in the
IPCRF rating of teachers in School A and
School B?
Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)
How many groups are being compared? 2
Statistical Tool: independent t-test
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Test for significant differences
Assesses whether the means of two or
groups are statistically different from
each other
Data should be in scale level
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant difference between the
IPCRF rating of teachers in years 2020, 2021,
2022?
Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)
How many groups are being compared? 3
Statistical Tool: ANOVA
Pearson r Correlation
Test for significant relationships of one
variable to another variable
Assumption: the data is normal
Data should be scale level
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant relationship
between the age and the IPCRF rating of
teachers?
Data Obtained: age (ratio/scale)
IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)
Statistical Tool: Pearson r
Chi-square
Test for significant relationships
It is a non-parametric test
Data should be categorical
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant relationship
between the educational attainment of
teachers and the descriptive equivalent of
their IPCRF rating ?
Data Obtained: educational attainment
(categorical)
descriptive equivalent of
IPCRF rating (categorical)
Statistical Tool: Chi-Square
Additional Information
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Result of t-test
Result of ANOVA
Result of Pearson r
Result of Chi-square
Exercise 1
Test if there is significant difference in the
performance of the Grade 10 students
after using peer tutoring.
Pre-test Scores:
5,6,5,8,9,6,7,9,9,12
Post-test Scores:
8,8,11,12,10,11,11,10,9,14
