Differentiation

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 Differentiation
Today’s Objective:
When you have completed this lecture you will be able to:

• Differentiate by using a list of standard derivatives

• Apply the chain rule
• Apply the product and quotient rules
• Perform logarithmic differentiation
• Differentiate parametric equations

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 Standard derivatives
Here is a revision list of the standard derivatives which you have no
doubt used many times before. Memorize those with which you
are less familiar.
dy dy
No. y  f (x) No. y  f (x)
dx dx
1 8 cos x  sin x
xn nx n 1
2 9
e x
e x
tan x sec 2 x
3
e kx ke kx 10 cot x  cos ec 2 x
4 11
ax a x . ln a sec x sec x. tan x
5 1
ln x 12
x  sin
cosxecx  cos ecx. cot x
6 1
log a x 13 sinh x cosh x
x. ln a
7 14
sin x cos x cosh x sinh x 3
Example 1: write down the derivatives for the following.

1. x 5 2. sin x 3. e 3 x 4. ln x 5. tan x 6. 2 x
7. sec x 8. cosh x 9. log10 x 10. e x 11 . cos x
12. sinh x 13. cos ecx 14. a 3 15. cot x 16. a x
x
17. x  4 18. log a x 19. x 20. e 2

Solution :
1
1. 5 x 4 2. cos x 3. 3e 3x
4. 5. sec 2 x 6. 2 x. ln 2
x
1
7. sec x. tan x 8. sinh x 9. 10. e x 11 .  sin x
x. ln 10
12. cosh x 13.  cos ecx. cot anx 14. 0 15.  cos ec 2 x
x
1 1
16. a x . ln a 17.  4 x 5 18. 19. 20. 1
2 e 2
x ln a 2 x 4
 Function of a function
sin x Is a function of x since the value of sin x depends on the value of
angle . xSimilarly sin(2 x  5is) a function of the angle (2 x since
5)
the value of the sine depends on the value of this angle.
i.e. sin(2 x  5) Is a function of (2 x  5)

But (2 x  5) it itself is a function of x , since its value depends on x.

For example : y  ( 4 x  3) 5

dy
 5(4 x  3) 4  the derivative of the function (4 x  3)
dx
dy
  5(4 x  3) 4  4
dx
 20(4 x  3) 4
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Example 2 : write down the derivatives for the following.

1. y  (4 x  5) 6 2. y  e3 x 3. y  sin 2 x 4. y  cos( x 2 ) 5. y  ln(3  4 cos x)

6. y  log10 (2 x  1) 7. y  e sin 2 x 8. y  sin 2 x 9. y  cos 3 (3 x) 10. y  ln cos 3 x

Solution :

dy dy 3 x dy
1.  24(4 x  5) 5 2.  e 3.  2 cos 2 x
dx dx dx
4 sin x
 
4. y  2 x sin( x ) 5. y 
2

3  4 cos x
2
6. y   7. y  2 cos 2 x.e sin 2 x 8. y  2 cos x sin x
(2 x  1) ln 10
 3 sin 3 x
9. y  9 sin( 3 x) cos 2 (3 x) 10. y   3 tan 3 x
cos 3 x

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Differentiate functions which are products or quotients of two of the functions

1. Products : if y=uv where u and v are functions, of x, then

you already know that:

dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

2. Quotients : if y=u/v where u and v are functions, of x, then

you already know that:
du dv
v u
dy
 dx 2 dx
dx v

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Example 3: write down the derivatives for the following.

1. y  x 2 tan x 2. y  e 5 x (3 x  1) 3. y  x cos 2 x 4. y  x 3 sin 5 x

sin 3 x ln x cos 2 x
5. y  x ln sinh x 6. y 
2
7. y  2 x 8. y 
x 1 e x2
Solution :
dy dy x 2 cosh x
1.  x 2 sec 2 x  2 x tan x 5.   2 x sinh x
dx dx sinh x
dy
2.  3e 5 x  5e 5 x (3 x  1)  x( x coth x  2 sinh x)
dx
 3e 5 x  e 5 x (15 x  5) dy 3( x  1) cos 3 x  sin 3 x
6. 
dx ( x  1) 2
 e 5 x (3  15 x  5)  e 5 x (15 x  8)
e2 x 1
dy  2e 2 x ln x  2 ln x
 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x dy
3.
dx 7.  x  x
dx e4 x e2 x
dy
4.  5 x 3 cos 5 x  3 x 2 sin 5 x dy  2 x 2 sin 2 x  2 x cos 2 x
dx 8. 
dx x4
 x 2 (5 x cos 5 x  3 sin 5 x)  2( x sin 2 x  cos 2 x)

x3 8
 Logarithmic differentiation.
The rules of differentiating a product or a quotient that we are
revised are used when there are just two-factor functions, i.e. uv
or u/v. where there are more than two functions in any
arrangement top or bottom, the derivative is best found by what
is known as logarithmic differentiation. For example;
uv
if y  where u, v, and w -and also y- are all functions
of x. w
First take logs of base e

ln y  ln u  ln v  ln w
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
  
y dx u dx v dx w dx

dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
 y   
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
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Example 4: find dy/dx for the following.
x 2 sin x e4 x
1. y  2. y  x e tan x 3. y  3
4 3x

cos 2 x x cosh 2 x
Solution :
1. let u  x 2 , v  sin x, w  cos 2 x 2. let u  x 4 , v  e 3 x , w  tan x
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw  dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
 y     y   
dx  u dx v dx w dx  dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy x 2 sin x  2 x cos x (2 sin x)  dy  4 x 3 3e3 x sec 2 x 
  2    x e tan x  4  3 x 
4 3x

dx cos 2 x  x sin x cos 2 x  dx  x e tan x 
dy x 2 sin x  2  dy 4 sec 2 x 
   cot x  2 tan 2 x   x e tan x   3 
4 3x

dx cos 2 x  x  dx x tan x 

3. let u  e 4 x , v  x 3 , w  cosh 2 x
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
 y   
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy e 4 x  4e 4 x 3 x 2 2 sinh 2 x  e4 x  3 
 3  4x  3   3 4   2 tanh 2 x 
dx x cos 2 x  e x cosh 2 x  x cos 2 x  x 
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 Parametric equations
In same cases, it is convenient to represent a function by
expressing x and y separately in terms of a third independent
variable. E.g. y= cos2t, x=sint.

The third variable is called parameter, and the two expression

of x and y are called parametric equation.
Example 5: find dy and d 2 y for the following.
dx dx 2
2  3t 3  2t
1. y  cos 2t , x  sin t 2. y  3 sin   sin 3  , x  cos 3  3. x  , y
1 t 1 t
Solution :

1. dy  2 sin 2t dy dy dt dy dt
 .  .
dt dx dx dt dt dx
dx dy 1
 cost  2 sin 2t.
dt dx cos t
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d 2 y d   2 sin 2t  d 2 y d   2 sin 2t  dt d 2 y d   2 sin 2t  dt
2
    2   .  2   .
dx dx  cos t  dx dx  cos t  dt dx dt  cos t  dx

d 2 y   4 cos t cos 2t  2 sin 2t sin t  1

2
 2 .
dx  (cos t )  cos t
d 2 y   4 cos t (cos 2 t  sin 2 t )  4 sin 2 t cos t 
2
 3 
dx  cos t 
d 2 y   4 cos 3 t  4 cos t sin 2 t  4 sin 2 t cos t 
2
 3   4
dx  cos t 
Solution :
dy dy d
2. dy  3 cos   3 sin 2  cos   .
dx d dx
d
dx
 3 cos 2  sin 
d

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 dy 3 cos   3 sin 2  cos  3 cos  (1  sin 2  ) 3 cos  cos 2 
     cot 
dx  3 cos  sin 
2
 3 cos  sin 
2
 3 cos  sin 
2

d2y d d2y d dt d2y d dt

2
  cot    2   cot  .  2   cot  .
dx dx dx dx dt dx dt dx
d2y 1  cos ec 2
 ( cos ec  ).
2

dx 2
 3 cos  sin  3 cos 2  sin 
2

Solution :

3. dy 2(1  t )  (3  2t ) 2  2t  3  2t 1
  
dt (1  t ) 2
(1  t ) 2
(1  t ) 2
dx  3(1  t )  (2  3t )  3  3t  2  3t 5
  
dt (1  t ) 2 (1  t ) 2 (1  t ) 2
dy dy dt dy  1 (1  t ) 2 1
 .   . 
dx dt dx dx (1  t ) 2
5 5
d 2 y d 1 
2
   0 13
dx dx  5 
Exponential and logarithmic
functions

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 Exponential and logarithmic functions
• Today’s Objective:
When you have completed this lecture you will be able to:
• Solve indicial and logarithmic equations.
• Recognize that the exponential function and the natural
logarithmic function are mutual inverses
• Construct the hyperbolic functions from the odd and
even parts of the exponential function.
• Application of logarithms and exponential function.

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 Introduction to logarithms
If a number y can be written in the form y  a x
, then the
index x is called the ‘logarithm of y to the base of a’,
if y  a x then x  log a y

Logarithms having a base of 10 are called common

logarithms and log10 is usually abbreviated to lg .

Laws of logarithms
There are three laws of logarithms, which apply to any base:
1. log( A  B)  log A  log B
2. log( An )  n log A
3. log( BA )  log A  log B

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 Indicial equations

An indicial equation is an equation where the variable appears as an

index and the solution of such an equation requires the application of
logarithms.

Example 1:
Find the value of X, give that 12
2x
 35.4

Solution :
log( An )  n log A
log 12 2 x  log 35.4  (2 x) log 12  log 35.4  (2 x)1.0792  1.5490
1.5490
x  0.7177
2 1.0792

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Example 2:
Find the value of X, give that 43 x  2  26 x 1

Solution :

log 43 x  2  log 26 x 1 (3 x  2) log 4  ( x  1) log 26

(3 x  2)0.6021  ( x  1)1.4150
1.8063 x  1.2042  1.4150 x  1.4150
(1.8063  1.4150) x  1.4150  1.2042
2.6192
x  6.694
0.3913

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Example 3:
Find the value of X, give that 5.4 x 3  8.2 2 x 1  4.8 3 x

Solution :
log( A  B)  log A  log B
log(5.4 x 3  8.2 2 x 1 )  log 4.83 x
log 5.4 x 3  log 8.2 2 x 1  3 x log 4.8
( x  3) log 5.4  (2 x  1) log 8.2  3 x(0.6812)
( x  3)0.7324  (2 x  1)0.9138  2.0436 x
0.7324 x  2.19726  1.8276 x  0.9138  2.0436 x
2.5600 x  1.2834  2.0436 x
 1.2834
(2.5600  2.0436) x  1.2834  x   2.4853
0.5164
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Example 4: Find the value of X, give that 7(14.3x 5 )  6.4 2 x  294
Solution : log{7(14.3 x 5 )  6.4 2 x }  log 294
log 7  ( x  5) log 14.3  2 x log 6.4  log 294
0.8450  1.1553 x  5.7766  1.6123 x  2.4683
 4.1533
2.7676 x  4.1533  x   1.5006
2.7676

Example 5: Solve the equation 2 2 x  6  2 x  8  0

Solution : let 2x  z
z 2  6 z  8  0  ( z  2)( z  4)  0
( z  2)  0  z  2 or ( z  4)  0  z  4
z  2x  2 or z  2 x  4
x 1 x  2
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 Graphs of logarithmic functions

A graph of y  log10 x is shown in bellow

In general, with a logarithm

to any base a, it is noted
that:
log a 1  0
log a a  1

log a 0  

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 Exponential functions
The exponential function is expressed by the equation:
y  e x or y  exp(x)
where e is the exponential number 2.7182818 _ _ _ . The
graph of this function lies entirely above the x-axis as does
the graph of its reciprocal y  e  x , as can be seen in the
diagram:

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 x
The value of e can be found to any level of precision desired
from the series expansion:
2 3 4 5
x x x x
ex  1 x     
2! 3! 4! 5!
In practice a calculator is used.

Logarithms with base exponential called Napierian logarithms which is

written as:
log e x  ln x

log e e x  x  ln e x  x

So, ln e 3 x  ...........
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Example 6: Solve for X, given that 20  60(1  e  x 2 )
Solution : 20 x2 x2 2 x2 2 x 3
 (1  e )e  1 e  e 2

60 6 3 2
x 3
ln e  ln2

2
x
 0.405  x  2  0.405  x  0.810
2
Example 7: Solve for X, given that e 2 x  3e x  2  0
Solution : let y  ex  y 2  3 y  2  0  ( y  1)( y  2)  0
( y  1)  0  y  1 ( y  2)  0  y  2
ex  1 ex  2
ln e x  ln 1 ln e x  ln 2
x  ln 1 x  ln 2
x0 x  0.693

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Example 8:

The current i amperes flowing in a capacitor at time t seconds is

given by t
i  8(1  e )
CR

6
where R  25  10 3
 and C  16  10 f

Determine :
(a) the time t for the current to reach 6.0 A.
(b) Sketch the graph of current against time.

Solution : Ans. 0.5545s

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 Odd and even parts
Not every function is either even or odd but many can be written as
the sum of an even part and an odd part. If, given f(x) where f( -x) is
also defined then:
f ( x)  f ( x) is even and f ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x) is odd
f e ( x)  o
2 2
Furthermore f e (x) is called the even part of f(x) and f o (x) is called
the odd part of f(x).
For example, if f ( x)  3x 2  2 x  1 then f ( x)  3( x) 2  2( x)  1  3x 2  2 x  1
So that the even and odd parts of f (x) are:
(3x 2  2 x  1)  (3x 2  2 x  1)
f e ( x)   3x 2  1
2
(3x 2  2 x  1)  (3x 2  2 x  1)
f o ( x)   2 x
2
So, the even and odd parts of the odd part of
f ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  3 x  4 are………………
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Odd and even parts of the exponential function
The exponential function is neither odd nor even but it can be written
as a sum of an odd part and an even part.
exp( x)  exp( x) exp( x)  exp( x)
That is, exp e ( x)  and exp o ( x)  2 . These
2
two functions are known as the hyperbolic cosine and the hyperbolic
sine respectively:
e x  e x e x  e x
cosh x  sinh x 
2 and 2
Using these two functions the hyperbolic tangent can also be defined:
e x  e x
tanh x  x  x
e e
The logarithmic function y  log a x is neither odd nor even and indeed
does not possess even and odd parts because log a ( x) is not defined.

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