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Lecture 10

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services to programs. The main types of OSs are real-time, single-user single-tasking, single-user multitasking, and multi-user multitasking. A real-time OS guarantees tasks are completed by deadlines. Single-user OSs only allow one user at a time, while multi-user OSs allow multiple simultaneous users. Operating systems provide a user interface, run programs, manage hardware devices, and organize file storage.

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11 views

Lecture 10

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services to programs. The main types of OSs are real-time, single-user single-tasking, single-user multitasking, and multi-user multitasking. A real-time OS guarantees tasks are completed by deadlines. Single-user OSs only allow one user at a time, while multi-user OSs allow multiple simultaneous users. Operating systems provide a user interface, run programs, manage hardware devices, and organize file storage.

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Zainab
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System

 An operating system (OS) is system software that


manages computer hardware and software
resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
 An operating system (OS) is the program that,
after being initially loaded into the computer by a
boot program, manages all of the other
application programs in a computer.
Types of Operating System

Following are the general types of the operating


systems:
1. Real-Time Operating System

2. Single user/Single tasking OS

3. Single user/Multitasking OS

4. Multi user/Multitasking OS
Real-time operating system

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an OS that guarantees real-time

applications a certain capability within a specified deadline.

• Very fast small OS

• Built into a device

• Respond quickly to user input

• MP3 players, Medical devices


Single User / Single Tasking OS
Operating system allows a single user to execute one program at a
particular time. This operating system is designed especially for
wireless phones and two-way messaging. Some functions such as
printing a document, and downloading images and videos are
performed in one given frame

• One user works on the system


• Performs one task at a time
• MS-DOS and Palm OS
• Take up little space on disk
• Run on inexpensive computers
Single User / Multi-Tasking OS
Operating system allows a single user to execute multiple programs at
the same time, the single user can perform multiple tasks at a time.
This type of operating system is found on personal desktops and
laptops. The most popular single-user multi-tasking is Microsoft
windows.
• User performs many tasks at once
• Most common form of OS
• Windows XP and OS X
• Require expensive computers
• Tend to be complex
Multi User / Multi-Tasking OS

It is an operating system that permits several users to utilize the


programs that are concurrently running on a single network
server.

• Many users connect to one computer


• Each user has a unique session
• UNIX, Linux, and VMS
• Maintenance can be easy
• Requires a powerful computer
Multi User / Multi-Tasking OS
Functions of Operating Systems

• Provide a user interface


• Run programs
• Manage hardware devices
• Organized file storage
Providing a User Interface
 Graphical user interface (GUI)

◦ Most common interface


 Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE

◦ Uses a mouse to control objects


◦ Uses a desktop metaphor
◦ Shortcuts open programs or documents
◦ Task switching
Graphical User Interface
Providing a User Interface
 Command line interfaces
◦ Older interface
 DOS, Linux, UNIX

◦ User types commands at a prompt


◦ User must remember all commands
◦ Included in all GUIs
Command Line Interface
Running Programs
 Many different applications supported
 System call
◦ Provides consistent access to OS features
 Share information between programs
◦ Copy and paste
◦ Object Linking and Embedding
Managing Hardware
 Programs need to access hardware
 Interrupts

◦ CPU is stopped
◦ Hardware device is accessed
 Device drivers control the hardware
Organizing Files and Folders

 Organized storage

 Long file names

 Folders can be created and nested

 All storage devices work consistently


Enhancing an OS
 Utilities
◦ Provide services not included with OS
◦ Goes beyond the four functions
◦ Firewall, anti-virus and compression
◦ Prices vary
Enhancing an OS
 Backup software
◦ Archives files onto removable media
◦ Ensures data integrity
◦ Most OS include a backup package
◦ Many third party packages exist
Backup Software
Enhancing an OS
 Anti-virus software
◦ Crucial utility
◦ Finds, blocks and removes viruses
◦ Must be updated regularly
◦ McAfee and Norton Anti-Virus
Enhancing an OS
 Firewall
◦ Crucial utility
◦ Protects your computer from intruders
◦ Makes computer invisible to hackers
◦ Zone Labs is a home firewall
◦ Cisco sells hardware firewalls
Enhancing an OS
 Intrusion detection
◦ Often part of a firewall package
◦ Announces attempts to breach security
◦ Snort is a Linux based package
Enhancing an OS
 Screen savers
◦ Crucial utility for command line systems
 Prevents burn in
◦ Merely fun for GUI systems
◦ Screen saver decorates idle screens
Get instruction from memory
Decode instruction & select
registers
Decode instruction
the control unit decodes the
instruction. The process
examines the memory to
execute it.
This process is perform by
control unit
Execute instruction
After decoding the
instruction and getting the
required data, CPU finally
executes that instruction .
The instruction is executed by ALU
Storing
The process of writing the memory is storing.
These four operations collectively are called a
machine cycle or instruction cycle .
the time required to fetch and
decode instruction is called
instruction time or I -time. Time
required to execute and store is
called Execution time or e-time
Repeat as needed
Pipelining in machine cycle
 An instruction pipeline is a technique used in
the design of computers to increase their
instruction throughput (the number of
instructions that can be executed in a unit of
time). Pipelining does not reduce the time to
complete an instruction, but increases
instruction throughput by performing
multiple operations in parallel

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