CHROMOSOMES, DNA
and GENES
To differentiate Chromosomes,
DNA and genes
To describe and illustrate the
structures of each
To determine the relationship among
Chromosomes, DNA and genes
Objectives:
a thread-like structure
Made up of DNA and Protein
Histone is the name of the protein found in
chromosome
A set of 8 histones wrapped by DNA is known
as nucleosome
Chromosomes are homologous which means
identical in structure
Each cell has 46 chromosomes except the
sex cell which only has 23 chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES
Known as DEOXYRIBOSENUCLEIC ACID
Deoxyribose is the sugar present in DNA
A double helix in shape and also double
stranded
It is a polymer of NUCLEOTIDES which is
the building block of Nucleic Acid
Sugar-Phosphate serves as the backbone
while Nitrogenous Bases are found in the
mid section of the DNA
DNA
Sugar-phosphate are held together by
Phosphodiester linkage
Nitrogenous Bases are link together by
Hydrogen bonds
A=T , G=C
Adenine paired with Thymine, Guanine
paired with cytosine
The two classes of Bases are Purines which
has 2 rings and Pyrimidines with 1 ring
DNA
Purine Bases are Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine bases are Thymine and
Cytosine
DNA is known as the Blueprint of building
a living organism
it replicates itself to ensure that the exact
copy of genes will be pass on during cell
division
It gives the instruction to make protein
DNA
DNA strands are anti-parallel
It always follows a 5’ to 3’ direction along
the chain
5’ to 3’ is the leading strand
3’ to 5’ is the lagging strand
DNA
A basic functional unit of heredity
A segment of DNA on a chromosomes that
describes how to make a certain protein
It consists of a specific sequence of
nucleotides at a given position on a given
chromosome that codes for a specific
protein
LOCUS – the specific location of a genes
in a chromosomes
GENES
Genes consist of three types of nucleotide
sequence:
- coding regions, called exons,
which specify a sequence of amino acids
- -non-coding regions, called
introns, which do not specify amino acids
- regulatory sequences, which play
a role in determining when and where the
protein is made (and how much is made)
GENES
GENOME is the sum total of the genetic
information of an organism
Human genome is all the genes combine
in all the 46 chromosomes
GENES
Is any of the alternative form of genes that
occupies the same locus as the other alleles
of the same gene
Represented by letters A, a, B, b
Sometimes one allele masks the expression
of the other allele
The allele that covers/masks the other is
considered as the dominant
The covered/masked allele is the recessive
ALLELE
PHENOTYPE-observable trait of an organism
GENOTYPE – the genetic makeup or
combinations of alleles
An organism’s genotype codes for its
phenotype
Two kinds of genotype
- Homozygous: having two identical
genes of the same loci
- Heterozygous: having two different
alleles
Allele
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
Ribose is the sugar present
Single stranded only
Compose of nucleotides
Has sugar-phosphate backbones
Base pairs are Adenine – Uracil
Guanine – cytosine
RNA assists DNA in manufacturing needed
proteins
RNA
There are three types of RNA.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is found in the
cell's ribosomes, the specialized structures
that are the sites of protein synthesis. -
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino
acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into a
protein.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the
genetic blueprint copied from the sequence of
bases in a cell's
RNA
This blueprint specifies the sequence of
amino acids in a protein.
It is found both inside and outside of the
nucleus.
It retrieves the protein code from DNA
and carry out the processes needed to
produce proteins.
RNA
