COURSE TITLE ANATOMY- I
COURSE CODE ANA-111-T
COURSE INCHARGE AMMARA ZAKI
TOPIC GENERAL ANATOMY
HISTORY OF ANATOMY
GRECIAN PERIOD
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
The Greek philosopher
Made Animal dissection
Discover the difference
between arteries and veins
In Arabic philosophy, he
was known simply as “The
First Teacher”; in the West
Regarded heart as seat of
intelligence
GRECIAN PERIOD
HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)
Father of Anatomy
First person performed:
-vivi-sections (dissections of living
humans) and - dissections
of human cadavers
Regarded brain as seat of
intelligence
Described cerebrum, cerebellum,
fourth ventricle
First to identify nerves as sensory
or motor.
Discover circulation
GRECIAN PERIOD
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physician
Father of Medicine
His name is memorialized in
the Hippocratic oath
Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
-blood
. -phlegum
- -
yellow bile
- -black bile
Attributed diseases to natural
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
His work De humani corporis
fabrica written in 7 volumes
His work revolutionised the
teaching of anatomy and ruled
for two centuries
Chose not to have his name
attached to the parts of body
he described unlike anatomists
Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.
Father of Modern Anatomy
‘Reformer of Anatomy’
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy is the science of the structure of the body.
The word is derived indirectly from the Greek
anatome, a term built from ana, meaning "up," and
tome, meaning "a cutting".
The term" dissection" (dis-, meaning" asunder, " and
secare, meaning "to cut") is the Latin equivalent of
the Greek anatome.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
Neuroanatomy
Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY
Deals with the structures of the body that are
visible to the naked eye/without microscope.
GROSS ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations
between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region.
- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a
group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urogenital
اصطال
Anatomical Nomenclature
SUB – DIVISIONS OF BODY
Head and Neck
Brain
Superior Extremity
Thorax
Abdomen and Pelvis
Inferior Extremity
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing up right
Looking straight towards
horizon
Upper limbs hanging by the
side of body
Palms facing forwards
Lower limbs are parallel
with toes pointing forwards
TERMS OF PLANES
1. MID SAGITTAL (Median
Plane):
A vertical plane dividing
the body into right and left
equal halves.
2. SAGITTAL:
A vertical plane which is
parallel to the sagittal
plane.
TERMS OF PLANES
3. CORONAL PLANE
(Frontal Plane):
A vertical plane which is at
right angles to the median
plane dividing the body into
an anterior and a posterior
part.
4. TRANSVERSE PLANE:
A plane at right angles to the
sagittal / coronal plane
dividing the body into an
upper and lower part.
TERMS OF PLANES
HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane parrallel to
the ground.
OBLIQUE PLANE: Any plane other than of
aforementioned planes.
TERMS OF POSTURE
Supine Prone Left Lateral
Right Lateral
Lithotomy
Erect Upside Down
TERMS OF POSITION
Anterior = Ventral
Intermediate = Middle
Posterior = Dorsal
TERMS OF POSITION
• Lateral
• Intermediate
• Medial
• Median
OTHER TERMS
For solid organs:
-Superficial
-Deep
For hollow organs:
-Interior
-Exterior
For indicating the side:
-Ipsilateral
-Contralateral
TERMS OF POSITION
Superior = Cephalic
Inferior = Caudal
TERMS FOR LIMBS
Proximal
Distal
Radial
Ulnar
Tibial
Fibular
Preaxial border
Postaxial border
TERMS OF POSITION
Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base
Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand
- Anterior surface - Palmar surface
TERMS OF POSITION
Foot
- Superior surface -
Dorsum of Foot
- Inferior Surface -
Plantar Surface
TERMS OF POSITION
Combination of Terms:
- Supero medial
- Infero lateral
- Postero superior
- Antero inferior
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards
- Movement on the transverse
axis
Extension- Moving part is carried
backwards
- Movement on the transverse
axis.
Circumduction: Moving part forms the
base of a cone
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Abduction: - Moving part is carried
away from the body/
reference line.
- Movement on antero –
posterior axis.
Adduction: - Moving part is
carried towards the body
/
reference line.
-Movement on
antero –
posterior axis.
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Medial Rotation –
-Moving part is
rotated towards the
mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.
Lateral Rotation –
- Moving part is
rotated away from the
mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
LEG:
Flexion – A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried
backwards.
Extension – A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried forwards.
TOES:
Abduction – Toes move away from
the long axis of 2nd toe.
Adduction – Toes move towards
long axis of the 2nd toe.
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
NECK:
- Flexion
- Extension
ROTATION:
- Right
- Left
- LATERAL FLEXION
- Right
- Left
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
FINGERS:
ABDUCTION – Fingers
move away from the long
axis of middle finger.
ADDUCTION – Fingers
move towards the long axis of
middle finger.
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Thumb:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Opposition
Forearm:
Pronation – Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces towards ground.
Supination – Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces above.
Mid Prone Position
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
FOOT –
Inversion – Sole of the foot
faces medially.
Eversion – Sole of the foot
faces laterally.
Dorsiflexion – A movement
of foot in which the dorsal
surface of foot comes closure
to the front of leg.
Plantarflexion – A
movement of foot in which the
dorsal surface of foot goes away
from the front of leg.
Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Trunk:
Flexion
Extension
Rotation - Left
Rotation - Right
Lateral Flexion - Right
- Left
MCQs
1. Who is the Father of Anatomy:
a) Galen
b) Herophilus
c) Vesalius
d) Hippocrates
MCQs
2. The meaning of term anatomy is:
a) To analyze
b) To observe
c) To cut up
d) To make
MCQs
3. The sectional plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions is:
a) Transverse plane
b) Sagittal plane
c) Coronal plane
d) Oblique plane
MCQs
4. Lying down position with the face directed
down is called as:
a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Anatomical
d) Lithotomy
MCQs
5. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Medial
d) Lateral
THANK YOU
